Abstract: Robotic systems for orthopedic surgery are provided. The robotic systems may include at least first and second motors coupled to each other. An output shaft of one of the motors may be connectable to a surgical tool guide. An output shaft of another of the motors may be coupled to a portion of a ball and socket joint. A corresponding portion of the ball and socket joint may be coupled to a bone mount which may be attached to a bone to mount the first and second motors to bone for performing orthopedic surgical procedures.

Abstract: A method of locating a short circuit of a shorted circuit path in a circuit layout includes receiving a connecting stack of the circuit layout, receiving the circuit layout defining the connecting stack, receiving at least four virtual probe locations, identifying shortest paths between the at least four virtual probes, and outputting an intersection of the shortest paths, the intersection including the location of the short circuit. According to the method, the connecting stack includes interconnecting paths representing conductive traces of a circuit design, the at least four virtual probe locations exist on the interconnecting stack on at least two different nodes along the shorted circuit path, and the shortest paths are identified between pairs of the at least four probes and are between the at least two different nodes.