Abstract: Viscoelastic surfactant based aqueous fluid systems are described that are useful in fracturing subterranean formations penetrated by a wellbore. The preferred thickening agents are quaternary ammonium halide salts derived from certain waxes, fats and oils. The thickening agent is used in conjunction with an inorganic water soluble salt such as ammonium chloride or potassium chloride, and an organic stabilizing additive selected from the group of organic salts such as sodium salicylate. The resulting fluids are stable to a fluid temperature of about 225.degree. F.

Abstract: A composition and method for inhibiting the corrosion of steel containing greater than about 9% chromium in the presence of at least one mineral acid, especially at temperatures above 250.degree. F. The composition is made of a corrosion inhibitor selected from phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, or cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound and an acid soluble metal from antimonium or bismuth.

Abstract: A corrosion probe having in combination at least one first, at least one second, and at least one third electrode. A dielectric is positioned between the electrodes, and the dielectric has a structure defining an ionically conductive surface. An apparatus for measuring the corrosion rates of metals, or the like, in a corrosive liquid environment comprising the corrosion probe, a potentiostat electrically attached to the electrodes of the corrosion probe, and a signal generator electrically communicating with the potentiostat. The apparatus also has a voltmeter and an ammeter. A process for measuring the corrosion rates of metals in a corrosive liquid environment comprising attaching electrically the corrosion probe to a potentiostat. The corrosion probe is inserted into the corrosive liquid environment and either a predetermined known current is signaled to the potentiostat or a predetermined known difference in potential is signaled to the potentiostat.

Abstract: A corrosion probe having in combination at least one first, at least one second, and at least one third electrode. A dielectric is positioned between the electrodes, and the dielectric has a structure defining an ionically conductive surface. An apparatus for measuring the corrosion rates of metals, or the like, in a corrosive liquid environment comprising the corrosion probe, a potentiosat electrically attached to the electrodes of the corrosion probe, and a signal generator electrically communicating with the potentiostat. The apparatus also has a voltmeter and an ammeter. A process for measuring the corrosion rates of metals in a corrosive liquid environment comprising attaching electrically the corrosion probe to a potentiostat. The corrosion probe is inserted into the corrosive liquid environment and either a predetermined known current is signaled to the potentiostat or a predetermined known difference in potential is signaled to the potentiostat.

Abstract: A corrosion probe having in combination at least one first, at least one second, and at least one third electrode. A dielectric is positioned between the electrodes, and the dielectric has a structure defining an ionically conductive surface. An apparatus for measuring the corrosion rates of metals, or the like, in a corrosive liquid environment comprising the corrosion probe, a potentiostat electrically attached to the electrodes of the corrosion probe, and a signal generator electrically communicating with the potentiostat. The apparatus also has a voltmeter and an ammeter. A process for measuring the corrosion rates of metals in a corrosive liquid environment comprising attaching electrically the corrosion probe to a potentiostat. The corrosion probe is inserted into the corrosive liquid environment and either a predetermined known current is signaled to the potentiostat or a predetermined known difference in potential is signaled to the potentiostat.

Abstract: A corrosion probe having in combination at least one first, at least one second, and at least one third electrode. A dielectric is positioned between the electrodes, and the dielectric has a structure defining an ionically conductive surface. An apparatus for measuring the corrosion rates of metals, or the like, in a corrosive liquid environment comprising the corrosion probe, a potentiostat electrically attached to the electrodes of the corrosion probe, and a signal generator electrically communicating with the potentiostat. The apparatus also has a voltmeter and an ammeter. A process for measuring the corrosion rates of metals in a corrosive liquid environment comprising attaching electrically the corrosion probe to a potentiostat. The corrosion probe is inserted into the corrosive liquid environment and either a predetermined known current is signaled to the potentiostat or a predetermined known difference in potential is signaled to the potentiostat.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a process for the conversion of an aryl halide into an aryl cyanide, which comprises the steps of:(a) providing a first electrode and a second electrode of opposite polarity from said first electrode in an electrolyte, said electrolyte comprising an aryl halide and a zerovalent Group VIII metal catalyst complex dissolved in a conductive solvent, wherein said Group VIII metal catalyst complex is capable of catalyzing the conversion of said aryl halide to an aryl cyanide in the presence of cyanide ions and susceptible to reaction with cyanide ions to yield a catalytically inactive Group VIII metal species,(b) providing cyanide ions in said electrolyte to convert said aryl halide to said aryl cyanide,(c) providing a flow of current between said electrodes, and(d) selectively controlling the electrical potential between said first and second electrode to convert said catalytically inactive Group VIII metal species to said zero valent Group VIII metal catalyst complex.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen peroxide in caustic solution utilizing an electrolytic cell having two electrolytes, one acidic, one basic, separated by a membrane permeable to positive ions. Electrolysis of oxygen which diffuses through a gas-diffusion cathode forms peroxide in caustic catholyte while hydrogen ions generated at an anode are allowed to migrate into the catholyte by the membrane. Peroxide produced in the catholyte upon circulation of catholyte in the cell a product can be produced having a caustic to peroxide ratio of less than 1.0 at five percent peroxide, by weight.

Abstract: An electrochromic display cell having a transparent front panel with an internal conductive coating providing a pleasing external appearance, and masking a counter-electrode affixed thereto; said internal coating having a window area to permit external viewing of display electrodes affixed to the back panel, which is sealed to the front panel with a ring spacer to provide an electrolyte chamber about five to ten mils thick; external electrode contacts to the electrical leads to the display electrodes are arranged on the back or front panel.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to electro-chemical sensors for sensing gaseous nitrogen dioxide in the presence of carbon monoxide, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and in chemically compatible mixtures of these gases as well as capable of sensing gaseous materials which are more strongly oxidizing than NO.sub.2, the sensor being formed from an Fe-1173 glass. The disclosure also relates to an electro-chemical sensor formed from 15% manganese As.sub.2 S.sub.3 glass which is capable of sensing gaseous materials which are more oxiding than NO.sub.2 in the presence of NO.sub.2, CO, O.sub.2, N.sub.2, SO.sub.2, NO and in chemically compatible mixtures of these gases. The disclosure also includes apparatus for determining when NO.sub.2 is being sensed rather than more strongly oxidizing gaseous materials by the simultaneous use of the Fe-1173 glass electro-chemical sensor and the sensor formed from 15% Mn-As.sub.2 S.sub.3 glass.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved electrochromic optical display cell having a memory, long life, good contrast independent of viewing angle, reversibility, low switching voltage, and a low mean power consumption wherein a soluble colorless dye is selectively and reversibly reduced at a display electrode to form an insoluble, insulating film that markedly absorbs visible light. The electrochromic display cell includes an electrode through which a potential is applied across the cell to regenerate the coulombic capacity of the counter electrode. The counter electrode is regenerated by reverse electrolysis without deleteriously affecting cell operation. In a preferred embodiment, the regeneration electrode is palladium.In another embodiment, the display electrode normally present in the display cell is utilized as the regeneration electrode. The potential applied across the cell for regeneration is larger than the normal potential applied to erase the cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved electrochromic optical display cell having a memory, long life, good contrast independent of viewing angle, reversibility, low switching voltage, and a low mean power consumption wherein a soluble colorless dye is selectively and reversibly reduced at a display electrode to form an insoluble, insulating film that markedly absorbs visible light. The electrochromic display cell includes a display electrode and a non-polarizable counter electrode which simultaneously maintains a threshold potential while providing charge transfer to a electrolytically reduce the dye during a write cycle or oxidize the dye during an erase cycle. The preferred counter electrode forms a lead/lead phosphate half cell which has a substantially stable electrochemical potential over the area of operation, reversibly undergoes oxidation-reduction and will not substantially irreversibly reduce the dye. Further, the lead counter electrode can be electrochemically restored by reverse electrolysis.