Abstract: A formulation of chemical surfactants, solvents and inorganic salts is effective for dispersing heavy oils in both salt and fresh water. The formulation comprises a mixture of a sorbitan ester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, a polyoxyethylene adduct of a sorbitan monoester of an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, an alkali metal salt of a dialkyl sulfosuccinate, a polyoxyethylene adduct of a sorbitan triester of a monocarboxylic acid, a solvent comprising a hydrocarbon and/or a glycol ether and an inorganic salt containing a soluble divalent cation such as calcium or magnesium.

Abstract: A semaphore for use in a detection system for a high voltage device and for signalling a predetermined state of the device. The semaphore comprises a housing supporting therein a retroreflector element. The housing has an aperture and the retroreflector has a reflective surface supported in a alignment with the aperture. The housing is mounted in close proximity to the device. A linkage is associated with the housing and the device and is actuated upon the occurrence of a predetermined condition whereby to expose the reflective surface in the housing for the reflection of signals through the apertures. A remote scanning device continuously generates infrared signals in the direction of the aperture and detects reflective signals from the reflective surface.