Abstract: Disclosed herein is an inhalable composition, suitable for use in an electronic cigarette device, comprising at least 1 g/L of nicotine and at least 2 g/L of carbon dioxide dissolved or dispersed in a solvent comprising glycerol and water, wherein the molar ratio of carbon dioxide to nicotine is at least 0.1:1; wherein glycerol is present in an amount of at least 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition; wherein water is present in an amount of 1-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition; and wherein propylene glycol, when present, is present in an amount of no more than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an inhalable composition, suitable for use in an electronic cigarette device, comprising at least 1 g/L of nicotine and carbon dioxide dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an inhalable composition, suitable for use in an electronic cigarette device, comprising at least 1 g/L of nicotine and carbon dioxide dissolved or dispersed in a solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an inhalable composition, suitable for use in an electronic cigarette device, comprising at least 1 g/L of nicotine and at least 2 g/L of carbon dioxide dissolved or dispersed in a solvent comprising glycerol and water, wherein the molar ratio of carbon dioxide to nicotine is at least 0.1:1; wherein glycerol is present in an amount of at least 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition; wherein water is present in an amount of 1-20% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition; and wherein propylene glycol, when present, is present in an amount of no more than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the inhalable composition.

Abstract: A process for synthetically producing (S)-nicotine ([(S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine]) is provided.

Abstract: A process for synthetically producing (S)-nicotine ([(S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine]) is provided.

Abstract: Compounds having therapeutic potential as androgen receptor modulators, and methods of making such compounds, are provided. The compounds are structurally related to bicalutamide but bear at least one difluoromethyl or C2 to C5 perfluoroalkyl group instead of a trifluoromethyl group.

Abstract: The subject invention pertains to a process for preparing a compound having a formula (4) or (5), in either optically-enriched or racemic form, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and acyl groups. In one embodiment, the process of the invention comprises mixing with a plant extract obtained from crushed daffodil bulbs or crushed snowdrop bulbs an oxidative cyclisation precursor of the compound.

Abstract: Azlactone (3), or the opposite enantiomer thereof, undergoes biotransformation, using suitable enzymatic activity, in the presence of a compound YH to form a N-acyl-amino acid (2), wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each not hydrogen and are independently selected from groups containing up to 20 carbon atoms, optionally with any combination of R1, R2 and R3 being joined together to form at least one ring, X is selected from groups containing up to 20 carbon atoms, and Y is selected from the group consisting of —OH, -Oalkyl and -Nalkyl. Amino acid (1), or the opposite enantiomer thereof, can be prepared in high enantiomeric excess from N-acyl amino acid (2), by converting Y to OH.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of optically-enriched pipecolic acid as a salt with an optically-active acid, comprises asymmetric transformation of pipecolic acid, as a racemic mixture of a mixture enriched in the opposite enantiomer from that desired, with the optically-active acid in a solvent comprising an acid that causes racemisation, in the absence of aldehyde.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of lipolic acid (thioctic acid), or a derivative thereof, is one in which a 2-substituted cyclohexanone is transformed in an oxidation reaction to a lactone having formula (I), wherein X is a heteroatom substituent.

Abstract: A cycloalkanol is prepared by cycloaddition between a diene and a vinyl ester, wherein the ester is derived from a carboxylic acid of sufficient molecular weight to enable the reaction to be carried out at atmospheric pressure while above 150.degree. C., and the corresponding reaction between the diene and vinyl acetate generates a pressure above 4 atmospheres.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a process for preparing a compound of formula (3) ##STR1## in enantio-enriched form, comprising reducing a compound of formula (4) ##STR2## using an asymmetric enantiospecific reductant, wherein A.sup.1 .dbd.A.sup.2 .dbd.H or A.sup.1, A.sup.2 .dbd.O; B.sup.1 .dbd.B.sup.2 .dbd.H or B.sup.1, B.sup.2 .dbd.O; Z.dbd.H, C.sub.1-20 alkyl or a precursor thereof, or a removable protecting group for nitrogen, e.g, acyl or alkyloxycarbonyl; Y.dbd.H or a substituent; R.sup.1 .dbd.C.sub.1-20 alkyl; and R is an optional, additional substituent.

Abstract: The subject invention concerns a process for preparing a single enantiomer, either R or S, of R'--NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --C(Ar)(CN)--R. The process is particularly useful for preparing verapamil, and analogues thereof, in single enantiomeric form.

Abstract: A process is described for obtaining a single enantiomer from a racemic mixture of the bicyclic lactam 2-azabicyclo?2.2. 1! hept-5-en-one by seeding a supersaturated solution of the lactam and a solvent with a single enantiomer of the lactam.

Abstract: An optically-purified enantiomer of the lactone 4-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo-?3.3.0!oct-7-en-3-one or an acylate thereof can be obtained by biotransformation. It is a useful synthon in the preparation of an enantiomer of 3-hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxycyclopentene that can be used to prepare carbocyclic nucleosides as a desired enantiomer.

Abstract: A process for the racemization of an enantiomerically-enriched compound of formula (3), comprises treatment of enantiomerically-enriched (3) with a base to obtain anion (4), optionally in protonated form, which is then combined with CH.sub.2 =CH--Y.sup.1 to form racemic (3), ##STR1## wherein Ar=aryl or heteroaryl; Ak=C.sub.1-20 alkyl; X=CN, CO.sub.2 R, CONR.sup.1 R.sup.2, and COR; Y and Y.sup.1 are independently selected from CN, CO.sub.2 R, CONR.sup.1 R.sup.2 and R, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently selected from H and C.sub.1-20 alkyl; optionally as a salt thereof.This racemization process can be used as part of an efficient synthesis of enantiomerically-enriched verapamil or aminoglutethimide.

Abstract: A process for the product of a 2,3-cis-dihydroxycycloalkane-1-carboxamide, comprises dihydroxylation of the corresponding cycloalkene-1-carboxamide. Some products are new. The stereoselective dihydroxylation is surprising.

Abstract: Enantiomeric glutarimides such as aminoglutethimide and rogletimide are prepared by cyclisation of a corresponding ester-nitrile which is a good substrate for biotransformation with an enantiospecific esterase.

Abstract: A process for preparing substantially dry GPC (glycerophosphocholine in enantiomeric form) from wet GPC without racemisation, comprises subjecting the wet GPC to reduced pressure and elevated temperature, to reduce the water content and give highly viscous GPC; adding ethanol or another suitable solvent and crystallising GPC therefore with cooling; filtering the crystalline GPC and removing solvent therefrom under reduced pressure; characterised in that the elevated temperature is at least 45.degree. C.; and the solvent is added to the highly viscous GPC. This process produces an apparently new form of L-.alpha.-Glycerophosphocholine, m.p. 148.degree.-152.degree. C.