Abstract: Gas samples withdrawn from within a reactor vessel (or process in general), as well as from one feed gas thereto, are passed to gas analyzers for particular components or impurities desired to be measured. The response time of the reactor analysis system employed is advantageously minimized by the elimination of dead gas space within the system and the provisions for rapid purging of the system or of individual gas analyzer feed lines. The flexibility of the system to measure both particular gas sample components and periodically present impurities using the same analytical instruments is generated by the addition of an in-line reaction system comprised of reactant addition means and/or catalyst means to individual sample lines leading to particular analytical instruments.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the fluid flow bias of continuous, multiple zone processes having gas or vapor comprising atmospheres that are in immediate access to each other. Active control of the fluid flow bias in at least one process zone or control of the overall process fluid flow bias is achieved by applying force to at least one of the zones of the process in a manner which enables such control. A physical or chemical property or a change thereof in at least one process atmosphere is monitored and an appropriate amount of force is applied in response to the monitored property. The monitored property is related to the furnace flow bias by an algorithm, so that the flow bias can be controlled by controlling the at least one chemical or physical property monitored.

Abstract: Gas samples withdrawn from within a reactor vessel, as well as from the feed gas thereto, are passed to gas analyzers for particular components or impurities desired to be measured. The response time of the reactor analysis system employed is advantageously minimized by the elimination of dead gas space upon the closing of control valves and the provisions for rapid purging of the system or of individual gas analyzer feed lines.

Abstract: In a process for carburizing steel parts, wherein it is desired to shut down the carburizing process for a predetermined period of time without removing the parts,the improvement comprising the following steps:(a) introducing parts, which would not achieve 100 percent carburization prior to the shut down of the carburizing process, into the furnace;(b) determining the temperature (Tc,s) for each temperature zone at about which the parts introduced in step (a) are to be maintained in step (c) ##EQU1## wherein: ##EQU2## (c) maintaining the parts in the carburizing atmosphere at the temperature determined in step (b) for that temperature zone;(d) reducing the amount of the hydrocarbon component of the atmosphere;(e) gradually lowering the temperature from the level of step (c) to a predetermined level, less than about 1400.degree. F.;(f) during step (e), but before the temperature reaches about 1400.degree. F.

Abstract: A process for changing the temperature of a system from one temperature to another where the system comprises at least two packed bed zones operated in series by using combinations of fluids (gases or liquids) and adjusting flow rates and bed masses according to certain prescribed conditions.