Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to continuously prepare a gas oil product from carbonaceous particles of a biomass source comprising the following steps. (a) contacting carbonaceous particles with a hydrogen comprising gas in a fluidised bed reactor in the absence of oxygen and in the absence of a catalyst, at an average solids residence time of between (20) and (120) seconds and at thermal conversion conditions to obtain a gaseous mixture comprising of hydrocarbons and char particles. (b) discharging the char particles and the gaseous mixture separately from the fluidised bed reactor. And (c) isolating from the gaseous mixture a gas oil product by means of distillation.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to convert a solid biomass to a crude fuel comprising middle distillate fuel fractions, the process comprising: (a) contacting the solid biomass having a water content of below 20 wt % with steam for more than 10 seconds at pressurised conditions to obtain steam saturated biomass and (b) subjecting the steam saturated biomass to a pyrolysis step at a temperature of between 600 and 800° C. to obtain the crude fuel comprising the middle distillate fuel fractions.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare a gas oil product from a carbonaceous particles of a biomass source comprising the following steps: (a) pyrolysis of the carbonaceous particles to a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen, (b) quenching the gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons by contacting with a liquid quench mixture of hydrocarbons having a lower temperature than the gaseous mixture thereby obtaining a rich liquid quench mixture and a quenched gas, and (c) isolating from the quenched gas a gas oil product by means of vacuum distillation, wherein the liquid gas oil is partly supplied to the top of the vacuum distillation column as a distillation reflux, partly used as part of the liquid quench mixture in (b) and partly discharged as the gas oil product.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a mixture of hydrocarbons having an olefin content of between 5 and 50 wt. % and boiling for more than 90 vol. % between 35 and 280 ?C or from a hydrocarbon feed comprising paraffins, naphthenics and/or aromatics and optionally up to 10 wt. % of olefins, by first contacting the feed with a low acidic density cracking catalyst in a reactor, separating propylene and subsequently contacting the residue with a high acidic density cracking catalyst in a reactor at a more elevated temperature, separating propylene and recycling the residue to first and second cracking reactors. Aromatics may be added to first and second cracking step to improve cycle length.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a mixture of hydrocarbons having an olefin content of between 5 and 50 wt. % and boiling for more than 90 vol. % between 35 and 280° C. or from a hydrocarbon feed comprising paraffins, naphthenics, aromatics and optionally up to 10 wt. % of olefins, by first contacting the feed with a low acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor, separating propylene and subsequently contacting the residue with a high acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor at a more elevated temperature, separating propylene and recycling the residue to first and second cracking reactors. Aromatics may be added to first and second cracking step to improve cycle length.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a hydrocarbon feed comprising pentane by contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a heterogeneous cracking catalyst as present in one or more fixed beds thereby obtaining a cracked effluent. The heterogeneous catalyst comprises a matrix component and a molecular sieve comprising framework alumina, framework silica and a framework metal selected from the group of Zn, Fe, Ce, La, Y, Ga and/or Zr. Propylene is isolated from the cracked effluent.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a mixture of hydrocarbons having an olefin content of between 5 and 50 wt. % and boiling for more than 90 vol. % between 35 and 280° C. or from a hydrocarbon feed comprising paraffins, naphthenics, aromatics and optionally up to 10 wt. % of olefins, by first contacting the feed with a low acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor, separating propylene and subsequently contacting the residue with a high acidic density cracking catalyst in a fixed bed reactor at a more elevated temperature, separating propylene and recycling the residue to first and second cracking reactors. Aromatics may be added to first and second cracking step to improve cycle length.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare propylene from a hydrocarbon feed comprising pentane by contacting the hydrocarbon feed with a heterogeneous cracking catalyst as present in one or more fixed beds thereby obtaining a cracked effluent. The heterogeneous catalyst comprises a matrix component and a molecular sieve comprising framework alumina, framework silica and a framework metal selected from the group of Zn, Fe, Ce, La, Y, Ga and/or Zr. Propylene is isolated from the cracked effluent.

Abstract: The invention includes a process for reducing the amount of HCN discharged to atmosphere from a FCC unit, having a regenerator and a means for collecting and supporting catalyst particles. The process comprises adding a catalyst to the regenerator flue gas prior to entering the collecting means and precipitating the catalyst in the collecting means to form a catalyst bed. Ammonia or ammonia precursor is optionally added to the flue gas. The flue gas HCN is reacted in the presence of water and oxygen in the flue gas, and optional ammonia or ammonia precursor, at 200° C. to 800° C. in the presence of the catalyst bed to reduce the HCN amount, and the flue gas containing a reduced amount of HCN is discharged to atmosphere. The catalyst is one or more supported transition or lanthanide metal catalysts. The process can also be utilized in any combustion process.

Abstract: The invention includes a process for reducing the amount of HCN discharged to atmosphere from a FCC unit, having a regenerator and a means for collecting and supporting catalyst particles. The process comprises adding a catalyst to the regenerator flue gas prior to entering the collecting means and precipitating the catalyst in the collecting means to form a catalyst bed. Ammonia or ammonia precursor is optionally added to the flue gas. The flue gas HCN is reacted in the presence of water and oxygen in the flue gas, and optional ammonia or ammonia precursor, at 200° C. to 800° C. in the presence of the catalyst bed to reduce the HCN amount, and the flue gas containing a reduced amount of HCN is discharged to atmosphere. The catalyst is one or more supported transition or lanthanide metal catalysts. The process can also be utilized in any combustion process.

Abstract: Collection enhanced materials, flue gas additives, and methods of making the enhanced materials and flue gas additives are provided. In one embodiment, a down stream addition system configured to control material passing through a metering device from a vessel to a gaseous exhaust path extending between a unit and an exhaust flue of the unit is provided. In alternative embodiments, methods are provided for introducing at least one of a flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material to a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit; exposing and removing at least a portion of at least one a of flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit prior to entering an exhaust flue; and recycling at least a portion of material removed a from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit back to the gaseous exhaust stream without passing through the unit.

Abstract: The invention includes a process for reducing the amount of NOx discharged to atmosphere from a FCC unit, having a regenerator and a means for collecting and supporting catalyst particles. The process comprises adding a catalyst to the regenerator flue gas prior to entering the collecting means and precipitating the catalyst in the collecting means to form a catalyst bed. Ammonia or ammonia precursor is added to the flue gas prior to and/or within the collecting means. The flue gas NOx is reacted with the ammonia or ammonia precursor at 200° C. to 800° C. in the presence of the catalyst bed to reduce the NOx amount, and the flue gas containing a reduced amount of NOx is discharged to atmosphere. The catalyst is one or more supported transition or lanthanide metal catalysts. The process can also be utilized in any combustion process.

Abstract: Collection enhanced materials, flue gas additives, and methods of making the enhanced materials and flue gas additives are provided. In one embodiment, a down stream addition system configured to control material passing through a metering device from a vessel to a gaseous exhaust path extending between a unit and an exhaust flue of the unit is provided. In alternative embodiments, methods are provided for introducing at least one of a flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material to a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit; exposing and removing at least a portion of at least one a of flue gas additive and a collection enhanced material from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit prior to entering an exhaust flue; and recycling at least a portion of material removed a from a gaseous exhaust stream exiting a unit back to the gaseous exhaust stream without passing through the unit.

Abstract: A particulate unsupported superacid catalyst for use in fluid catalytic cracking is provided comprising doped silica which has been doped with from about 1 to about 99 wt %, based on the weight of the catalyst composition, of at least one inorganic oxide dopant selected from the group consisting of rare earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, yttrium oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide and titanium oxide, and wherein the doped silica has been anion-modified by an anion selected from the group consisting of phosphate, tungstate, and sulphate.

Abstract: Processes for maximizing low aromatics LCO yield and/or propylene yield in fluid catalytic cracking are disclosed. The processes employ catalytic compositions that comprise a predominantly basic material and little to no large pore zeolite.

Abstract: Processes for maximizing low aromatics LCO yield and/or propylene yield in fluid catalytic cracking are disclosed. The processes employ catalytic compositions that comprise a predominantly basic material and little to no large pore zeolite.

Abstract: Novel catalytic compositions for cracking of crude oil fractions are disclosed. The catalytic compositions comprise a basic material and at least one intermediate and/or small pore zeolite, and comprises little to no large pore zeolite.