Abstract: Methods of protecting a submerged surface include applying an adhesion-promoting layer onto a surface. An inner polymer layer is applied onto the adhesion-promoting layer. The inner polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. An outer polymer layer is applied onto the inner polymer layer. The outer polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage and that repels biofouling organisms to prevent invasion of the inner polymer layer.

Abstract: Methods of protecting a propeller include applying an inner polymer layer onto a propeller. The inner polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage and that does not chemically or galvanically interact with a material of the propeller. An outer polymer layer is applied onto the inner polymer layer, the outer polymer layer being impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage and that repels biofouling organisms to prevent invasion of the inner polymer layer.

Abstract: Methods of forming a boat hull include applying an outer polymer layer onto a hull mold, the outer polymer layer being impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. An inner polymer layer is applied onto the outer polymer layer, the inner polymer layer being impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that inhibits biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. One or more layers of fiberglass matting are applied on the inner polymer layer, the fiberglass matting being saturated with a polymer selected from one of a group of polymers comprising a vinyl ester polymer, a phthalic unsaturated polyester polymer, and an epoxy polymer.

Abstract: Methods of protecting a surface include applying an inner polymer layer onto a surface. The inner polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the surface from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The inner polymer layer is an epoxy polymer. An outer polymer layer is applied onto the inner polymer layer. The outer polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the inner polymer layer from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The outer polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes and fluorourethanes.

Abstract: Methods of protecting a surface include applying an inner polymer layer onto a surface. The inner polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the surface from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The inner polymer layer is an epoxy polymer. An outer polymer layer is applied onto the inner polymer layer. The outer polymer layer is impregnated with a biologically active chemical substance that protects the inner polymer layer from biofouling-induced chemical, biological, and bio-proliferative damage. The outer polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes and fluorourethanes.

Abstract: A linear energy generator includes a field coil array that has one or more coils of wire, contained within a sealed generator housing and wrapped around a tube. A permanent magnet array is positioned within the tube and includes magnets that move relative to the field coil array to generate electricity. A magnetic lubricant is used between the tube and the permanent magnet array. The magnetic lubricant includes a solid phase component that includes ferromagnetic particles and a liquid phase component that coats the ferromagnetic particles to prevent corrosion and to improve lubricity of the solid phase component.

Abstract: A linear energy generator includes a field coil array that has one or more coils of wire, contained within a sealed generator housing and wrapped around a tube. A permanent magnet array is positioned within the tube and includes magnets that move relative to the field coil array to generate electricity. A magnetic lubricant is used between the tube and the permanent magnet array. The magnetic lubricant includes a solid phase component that includes ferromagnetic particles and a liquid phase component that coats the ferromagnetic particles to prevent corrosion and to improve lubricity of the solid phase component.

Abstract: Methods of protecting a submerged surface from biofouling animal organisms include applying a first biologically active inner polymer layer on a surface, impregnated with at least one first biologically active agent that kills a juvenile stage of a biofouling animal organism. A second biologically active outer polymer layer is applied on the first biologically active inner polymer layer, impregnated with at least one second biologically active agent that inhibits a larval stage of the biofouling animal organism from attaching to the second biologically active outer polymer layer. The second biologically active outer polymer layer includes a friction-reducing additive selected from the group consisting of silicone powder, PTFE powder, molybdenum disulfide powder, graphene nano-platelets, graphene oxide, and fluorinated graphene powder.

Abstract: Methods of protecting a submerged surface from biofouling animal organisms include applying a first biologically active inner polymer layer on a surface, impregnated with at least one first biologically active agent that kills a juvenile stage of a biofouling animal organism. A second biologically active outer polymer layer is applied on the first biologically active inner polymer layer, impregnated with at least one second biologically active agent that inhibits a larval stage of the biofouling animal organism from attaching to the second biologically active outer polymer layer. The second biologically active outer polymer layer includes a friction-reducing additive selected from the group consisting of silicone powder, PTFE powder, molybdenum disulfide powder, graphene nano-platelets, graphene oxide, and fluorinated graphene powder.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings and methods of forming the same include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings and methods of forming the same include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

Abstract: Multi-layer anti-fouling coatings include a first biocidal layer formed on a surface. The first biocidal layer includes at least one biocidal biocide that kills a biofouling organism on contact with the first biocidal layer. A first biostatic layer is formed between the first biocidal layer and an external environment. The first biostatic layer includes at least one biostatic biocide that inhibits a biofouling organism from attaching to the first biostatic layer.

Abstract: Wave energy converter systems include a housing comprising a field coil array and a permanent magnet array within the housing configured to induce an electrical current in the field coil array. One or more peripheral magnet arrays are arranged around the housing and couple magnetically with the permanent magnet array. The peripheral magnet arrays cause the permanent magnet array to move within the housing in response to motion of the one or more peripheral magnet arrays and provide a magnetic shielding effect.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell includes an anode that has a low-density region formed from activated carbon and a high-density region formed from a plurality of graphite cylinders. There is a porous barrier that allows transport of water between the anode and a corrosion resistant cathode.

Abstract: An electrolysis cell includes an anode that has a low-density region formed from activated carbon and a high-density region formed from a plurality of graphite cylinders. There is a porous barrier that allows transport of water between the anode and a corrosion resistant cathode.

Abstract: A linear generator includes a permanent magnet array having at least two magnets arranged end-to-end. A set of conductive coils is arranged around the permanent magnet array. A four-phase full wave rectifier is configured to accept alternating current inputs from the set of conductive coils and to produce one or more direct current outputs. A summing circuit is configured to aggregate the one or more direct current outputs from the rectifier to produce a combined, rectified direct current output.

Abstract: A buoy includes a flotation device configured to float at surface of a body of water. A vibrational linear electric generator (VLEG) is configured to generate power from vibrational oscillations caused by waves using compressed repulsive magnetic fields focused by end magnetic field deflecting magnets. A power collection circuit, which includes a first battery, is configured to collect and store energy generated by the VLEG. One or more electronic components are powered by the vibrational linear electric generator.

Abstract: A spring suspension system includes a top spring assembly connected to a top end of a stator and a top end of a cable and a bottom spring assembly connected to a bottom end of the stator and a bottom end of the cable. The top spring assembly includes a central spring connected to the top end of the cable at a bottom end of the central spring and a set of symmetrically arranged springs, each connected to the top end of the stator and to a top end of the central spring, configured to accommodate torsional and rotational components of an input force.

Abstract: A buoy includes a flotation device configured to float at surface of a body of water. A vibrational linear electric generator (VLEG) is configured to generate power from vibrational oscillations caused by waves using compressed repulsive magnetic fields focused by end magnetic field deflecting magnets. A power collection circuit, which includes a first battery, is configured to collect and store energy generated by the VLEG. One or more electronic components are powered by the vibrational linear electric generator.