Abstract: A solid-oxide electrolysis cell using water, carbon dioxide, high temperature, and electricity to more efficiently generate Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide may be powered and energized by a hybrid, solar concentrator (or array of concentrators) which separated solar energy into infrared (IR) for heat energy and ultraviolet (UV) light and visible light for electrical energy. The Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide produced by the solid-oxide electrolysis unit (or an array of such units) can be used for, such beneficial purposes as fuels, alkyl-based products, and/or to store clean water and electricity. The high temperature and electricity can be enhanced through the use of solar power, even in remote areas not connected to an electric power grid.

Abstract: An apparatus may upconvert infrared-visible energy passed by a spectral separator to a reflector, the reflector reflecting the infrared-visible energy to an upconverter film for combination with a visible-ultraviolet energy output of a spectral separator at a photovoltaic converter to electricity. The apparatus generates electricity through separating the infrared (IR) region and light within the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions, then converting the infrared (IR) regions to light within the visible and UV regions, then converting all visible and UV light into electricity. The apparatus uses polychromatic light concentration (typically from, the sun), spectral separation, IR to visible light conversion, and photoelectric generation.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating electricity with the ability to distill a liquid and/or expand a working fluid and/or produce mechanical energy and/or produce thermal energy and/or produce chemical transformations through separately utilizing light in the infrared (IR) region and light within the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions. The apparatus uses methods to capture diffuse and direct polychromatic light, concentration and multiplication of that light up to 1000 times or more, collimation of light, separation of the spectrum into the IR and UV/visible bands, generation of electricity through conversion of at least UV/visible light, and useful conversion of infrared light into applications to generate a distilled liquid or compound, expand a working fluid, produce mechanical energy, produce thermal energy, produce chemical energy and/or generate additional electricity. Non-reflected radiant energy may be used to operate a suitable photovoltaic cell or stack of cells.

Abstract: In a method for producing high carbon content products from biomass, a biomass oil is added to a cracking reactor vessel. The biomass oil is heated to a temperature ranging from about 100° C. to about 800° C. at a pressure ranging from about vacuum conditions to about 20,700 kPa for a time sufficient to crack the biomass oil. Tar is separated from the cracked biomass oil. The tar is heated to a temperature ranging from about 200° C. to about 1500° C. at a pressure ranging from about vacuum conditions to about 20,700 kPa for a time sufficient to reduce the tar to a high carbon content product containing at least about 50% carbon by weight.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating electricity with the ability to distill a liquid and/or expand a working fluid and/or produce mechanical energy and/or produce thermal energy and/or produce chemical energy through separately utilizing light in the infrared (IR) region and light within the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions. The apparatus uses polychromatic light concentration and multiplication, light collimation, spectral separation, photoelectric generation through conversion of visible light, and useful conversion of infrared light into applications to generate a distilled liquid, expand a working fluid, produce mechanical energy, produce thermal energy, produce chemical energy and/or generate electricity. Non-reflected radiant energy may be used to operate a suitable photovoltaic cell or stack of cells.

Abstract: In a method for producing high carbon content products from biomass, a biomass oil is added to a cracking reactor vessel. The biomass oil is heated to a temperature ranging from about 100° C. to about 800° C. at a pressure ranging from about vacuum conditions to about 20,700 kPa for a time sufficient to crack the biomass oil. Tar is separated from the cracked biomass oil. The tar is heated to a temperature ranging from about 200° C. to about 1500° C. at a pressure ranging from about vacuum conditions to about 20,700 kPa for a time sufficient to reduce the tar to a high carbon content product containing at least about 50% carbon by weight.

Abstract: A composite for providing shielding against cosmic radiation, consisting essentially of carbon nanotubes, a biopolymer of lignin and a halogen as dopant.

Abstract: A method for production of electricity from light, comprising: contacting with light a heterojunction device with a clear film anode of ITO and a cathode of Al, said device having: i) a donor/acceptor blend in a single layer, wherein the donor domains is a synthetic polymer, and the acceptor domains is a) a dry organic semiconductor composite of sonicated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) wetted with epon 862 epoxy resin, and b) a biopolymer selected from lignin or melanin.

Abstract: A biologically photoconductive dispersion comprising: a donor/acceptor blend of a single layer, wherein the donor domains is a synthetic polymer, and the acceptor domains is a liquid organic semiconductor composite comprising, by weight about 14% single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), about 57% of a biopolymer selected from lignin or melanin, and a dopant selected from the group consisting of iodine, phosphorous or boron.