Abstract: A method of making a porous structure is described herein. The method includes combining a hard material comprising a carbonaceous material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof, with a polymer blend to provide a mixture; and heating the mixture to a temperature effective to template the hard material, degrade the polymer blend and provide the porous structure comprising the hard material. Porous structures having a a solid continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase are also provided.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for doping a substrate, comprising disposing a composition comprising a dopant-containing copolymer and a solvent on a substrate; and annealing the substrate at a temperature of 750 to 1300° C. for 0.1 second to 24 hours to diffuse a dopant into the substrate; wherein the dopant-containing copolymer comprises a non-dopant-containing polymer and a dopant-containing polymer; and where the dopant-containing polymer is a polymer having a covalently or ionically bound dopant atom and is present in a smaller volume fraction than the non-dopant-containing polymer.