Abstract: A system is provided for measuring the polarity and intensity of extreme ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and x-ray radiation. The system comprises a reflective surface, a capillary array, and a detector. The reflective surface is adapted to reflect radiation from a source on to a receiving end of the capillary array. The reflective surface may have a variety of shapes, such as a curved, parabolic shape or a flat shape, for reflecting the radiation in a desired manner. The capillary array may also have a variety of shapes for directing the radiation to the detector, such as a curved shape or a conical shape. The capillaries in the capillary arrays may have an inner diameter that decreases from the receiving end of the array to the emitting end of the array. This increases the flux density of the radiation emitted by the capillary array and helps the detector measure weak radiation.

Abstract: A single longitudinal mode frequency-converted solid-state laser includes an optical pumping source that produces optical pumping radiation, a coupled resonant cavity having a first resonant cavity and a second resonant cavity sharing a common partially reflecting mirror, a solid-state laser medium disposed within the first resonant cavity and pumped by the optical pumping radiation, and an optical wavelength converting means within said second resonant cavity. The laser medium generates a first laser radiation at a first wavelength which is converted by the wavelength converting means into a second laser radiation at a second wavelength. A temperature controlling means controls the temperatures of the first and the second resonant cavities and of the optical pumping source. The optical path lengths of the first resonant cavity and the second resonant cavity are selected such that only one longitudinal mode of the coupled resonant cavity is within the gain bandwidth of the laser medium.