Abstract: A switching device includes a working circuit, to which an operating voltage can be or is applied to which has at least one electronic switching element. This switching element includes at least one control terminal for applying a switching signal and is switched off or switched on depending on the switching signal. At least one electronic protection element is for protecting the switching element in its switched state from excessive Joule losses in the event of danger, especially in the event of an overload or a short circuit. The protection element bears the predominant part of the operating voltage that is released at the working circuit.

Abstract: An ink cartridge 1 for a print head 2, comprising a container 3 having a lid 4 and a bottom 5, the lid having at least one opening 6,16, the bottom having an outlet 7 and the container forming an ink reservoir 8. A porous and compressible element 9 is positioned in the ink reservoir and has a first holding capacity and a first flow resistance for ink. A barrier 10 completely covers the element 9, and the barrier has a second holding capacity and a second flow resistance for ink. In at least some regions, the second holding capacity is lower than the first holding capacity of the element 9, or the second flow resistance is greater than the first flow resistance of element 9. The barrier is positioned in the container in such a way that it contacts the lid and prevents contact between the element and the lid. The ink cartridge is characterized by a simple construction and improved printing quality over its operating life.

Abstract: The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) method is well-known for transmitting data on electrical power supply lines. According to this method, the items of information to be transmitted are distributed among numerous carriers, and the composite signal of the modulated carrier signals is transmitted in the form of an OFDM block. Standard OFDM methods are, however, highly sensitive to strong periodic pulse jammers. According to the invention, the method is thus devised such that the OFDM blocks to be transmitted have a length of approximately 85% of the interval between two periodic disturbing pulses. The carrier interval accordingly results from the reciprocal duration of the OFDM blocks. The transmitted OFDM blocks are synchronized with pulse-shaped periodic jammers in such a manner that one block at a time is located between two disturbing pulses. The pulse-shaped jammers can be gated at the receiver.

Abstract: It is a known fact that even information signals in the kilohertz and megahertz range can be transmitted via the bus systems of power transmission networks. The invention provides a method and a system for improving the transmission behavior by feeding the signals not to the bus of the power supply but at the end of an outgoing line or a bus bar trunking system facing away from the power feed. The connection to the telecommunication system is made via a PLC bus line (10), said bus line (10) being connected to the bus bar trunking systems/outgoing lines (2, 2?, . . . ) via PLC bus elements (12, 12?, . . . ).

Abstract: A drive solenoid, a yoke, an armature and at least one contact are mounted in a housing of an electromagnetic switching device. The drive solenoid, yoke and armature are inductively intercoupled, in such a way that when an inrush current is applied to the drive solenoid, the armature can be displaced into a pickup position, thus directly or indirectly actuating the contact. The yoke and/or armature contain(s) pulverulent magnetic material.

Abstract: A method for interchanging information data between an electrical load and an item of equipment arranged between the load and the electric power grid is disclosed. An energy storage device located in a load recognition unit associated with the load is charged during a load recognition phase at start-up of the load. After the energy storage device is charged, data stored in the load recognition unit are repeatedly transmitted in form of a data burst to the item of equipment located between the load and the electric power grid. The data burst includes a preamble and load data; whereby the transmission is controlled by a controller in the load recognition unit.

Abstract: A method with corresponding circuit arrangement is disclosed, whereby for evaluation of a measured signal arising as an analogue value with a potential greater than zero potential in a measuring device requiring a supply current, the measured information therefrom is transmitted as a digital signal to an analytical unit lying at earth potential after an A/D conversion. The generated digital signal thus provides the clock signal for a modulation of the supply current and thus also carries out the function of the carrier for the information content of the measured signal. Curved characteristic lines for compression/decompression of the signals are used. Suitable devices for temperature compensation may be similarly provided.

Abstract: In installations including fixed and mobile structural elements and a rotary current motor as a drive, the rotary current motor can be used for the wireless transmission of both energy and/or data. The transmission from the fixed structural elements to the mobile structural elements of the rotary current motor is especially inductive. In the corresponding device including a rotary current motor including a stator and a secondary element, the secondary element is not embodied as a solid conductor with or without a laminated core, according to prior art, but rather as a laminated core including integrated windings which is the same as, or similar to, the stator.

Abstract: A method for transmitting data via a traction current conductor which simultaneously conducts drive current for a vehicle and in which an interruption in the data transmission by an arc cccurring between a vehicle-end drive current collector and the traction current conductor is reliably avoided. The method for trandsmitting data via a traction current conductor, in which at the transmitter end at least two data signals including in each case the data in an identical form are fed into the traction current conductor with different frequency channels. In the event of an arc occurring at the receive end, the received data of that data signal or those data signals whose amplitude does not drop below a ratio necessary for achieving a specific bit error probability with respect to the amplitude of the interference signal S(f), is selected for evaluation.

Abstract: Switchgear, in particular relays and/or contactors having a solenoid system with armature and yoke, a coil and an open- and/or closed-loop control device of the switchgear drive are described, wherein actual values of drive-specific parameters are detected by sensors. After a switching command, the open- and/or closed-loop control device does not affect an output quantity (e.g., coil current) until at least one predefined threshold value of the switching parameters (for example, of contact speed) is attained.

Abstract: An electromagnetic switching device includes a contact arrangement with three contacts which couple a three-phase load to three phases of a three-phase power supply system, and disconnect the three-phase load from the three phases. Switching erosion takes place on the contacts. An overall erosion is determined for each contact, and is supplied to a drive circuit. The contact arrangement is operated by the drive circuit as a function of the overall erosion such that the overall erosion of the contacts are approximated to one another.

Abstract: A protection device includes a measurement device that is a current transformer which is based on a printed circuit, and an evaluation device that is a unit for early short-circuit identification. The current transformer, which is based on a as printed circuit board, is preferably a multiwinding transformer. The unit for early short-circuit identification operates on the basis of a so-called locus curve method, which uses instantaneous values of the current and current rate of change to identify a short circuit.

Abstract: The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) method is well-known for transmitting data on electrical power supply lines. According to this method, the items of information to be transmitted are distributed among numerous carriers, and the composite signal of the modulated carrier signals is transmitted in the form of an OFDM block. Standard OFDM methods are, however, highly sensitive to strong periodic pulse jammers. According to the invention, the method is thus devised such that the OFDM blocks to be transmitted have a length of approximately 85% of the interval between two periodic disturbing pulses. The carrier interval accordingly results from the reciprocal duration of the OFDM blocks. The transmitted OFDM blocks are synchronized with pulse-shaped periodic jammers in such a manner that one block at a time is located between two disturbing pulses. The pulse-shaped jammers can be gated at the receiver.

Abstract: A switching device includes a working circuit, to which an operating voltage can be or is applied to which has at least one electronic switching element. This switching element includes at least one control terminal for applying a switching signal and is switched off or switched on depending on the switching signal. At least one electronic protection element is for protecting the switching element in its switched state from excessive Joule losses in the event of danger, especially in the event of an overload or a short circuit. The protection element bears the predominant part of the operating voltage that is released at the working circuit.

Abstract: It is a known fact that even information signals in the kilohertz and megahertz range can be transmitted via the bus systems of power transmission networks. The invention provides a method and a system for improving the transmission behavior by feeding the signals not to the bus of the power supply but at the end of an outgoing line or a bus bar trunking system facing away from the power feed. The connection to the telecommunication system is made via a PLC bus line (10), said bus line (10) being connected to the bus bar trunking systems/outgoing lines (2, 2′, . . . ) via PLC bus elements (12, 12′, . . . ).

Abstract: A protection device includes a measurement device and a downstream evaluation device. The evaluation device is a unit for early short-circuit identification which actuates a semiconductor switch, which is preferably produced based on silicon carbide. The unit for early short-circuit identification preferably operates with switching thresholds which can be predetermined for the product of the current and the current rate of change, or on the basis of tolerant locus curves. In the latter case, different power factors (0.1<cos100 <0.9) are used in the locus curves in a locus curve representation of the current and current rate of change. The semiconductor switch preferably contains two back-to-back series-connected switching elements based on silicon carbide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transmitting a control signal to a vehicle which is driven using an electrical drive current which is fed into a traction current conductor at a drive current feed point. In order to ensure that the transmission of the control signal is very largely unaffected by interference frequency components included in the drive current, according to the invention one current sensor, which is located outside the line section, is used to receive the control signal.

Abstract: A method is for preventing tapping into existing short circuits in branches. A power supply momentarily is connected in a test circuit at a defined instant of the power supply voltage and at least the current in the test time period is detected and evaluated as a criterion for a short circuit. The short-circuit current is limited by the use of an additional test resistor which is arranged in the test circuit in series preferably with a semiconductor switch. Solely the test current and/or the test voltage is used for identification of the short circuit. In the associated arrangement, a test resistor having a defined resistance, whose resistance is significantly greater than the power supply impedance, is arranged in the test circuit in series with the semiconductor switch.

Abstract: In order to detect a motor temperature during operation of a motor without using any sensors, the motor temperature is determined when the motor is switched on by measuring a current and a voltage at the time when the motor is switched on. The motor temperature can be determined by relationships by determining the real element of the motor impedance from the current and voltage signals, and comparing the values when the motor is stationary and values which have been obtained at a known temperature. The determination can be carried out in analog or digital form, with a computer being used in the latter case.

Abstract: A large number of switching devices, for example contactors, can be supplied with power and information in particular in switchgear cabinets. A multilayer supply board includes a large number of suitable recesses with fingers which form contacts. The recesses preferably form an array with m rows and n columns in the supply board. The multilayer supply board preferably includes at least a number of layers of electrically conductive boards which are insulated from one another.