Abstract: A method produces porous materials by expansion of polymer gels. The porous materials can be a micro- or nano-porous polymer materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous washing liquor in a device for cleaning soiled textile substrates, containing a plurality of water-insoluble solid particles and a liquid phase which contains a microemulsion, and to a textile washing method using said type of washing liquor.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous washing liquor in a device for cleaning soiled textile substrates, containing a plurality of water-insoluble solid particles and a liquid phase which contains a microemulsion, and to a textile washing method using said type of washing liquor.

Abstract: A method produces porous materials by expansion of polymer gels. The porous materials can be a micro- or nano-porous polymer materials.

Abstract: A method for producing porous materials is disclosed. The porous materials can be produced by expansion of polymer gels.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam, polyisocyanurate foam or polyurea foam is obtainable from the reaction of a mixture comprising A) a compound reactive towards isocyanate (“NCO-reactive compound”); B) a blowing agent selected from the group comprising linear, branched or cyclic C1 to C6 hydrocarbons, linear,branched or cyclic C1 to C6 fluorocarbons, N2, O2, argon and/or CO2, where the blowing agent B) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; C) a polyisocyanate; D) an amphiphilic isocyanate; and E) optionally a surfactant and F) optionally other auxiliaries and additives. The invention further relates to the production of this polyurethane foam, where the blowing agent is emulsified in the isocyanate component containing amphiphilic isocyanate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for generating a porous material having homogeneous, gas-containing inclusions in the micrometer and sub-micrometer range, and also to the material produced by such process.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous washing liquor in a device for cleaning soiled textile substrates, containing a plurality of water-insoluble solid particles and a liquid phase which contains a microemulsion, and to a textile washing method using said type of washing liquor.

Abstract: One- or multi-phase non-solid concentrated products, which are capable of producing or maintaining a Winsor type 2 microemulsion system upon dilution in a short liquor technology washing machine, show improved performance for fat and oil-containing stains when used in novel methods in which various Winsor types are passed through starting from Winsor type 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of porous materials by the expansion of polymer gels and to the porous materials produced by such a method and to a moulded body.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam, polyisocyanurate foam or polyurea foam is obtainable from the reaction of a mixture comprising A) a compound reactive towards isocyanate (“NCO-reactive compound”); B) a blowing agent selected from the group comprising linear, branched or cyclic C1 to C6 hydrocarbons, linear,branched or cyclic C1 to C6 fluorocarbons, N2, O2, argon and/or CO2, where the blowing agent B) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; C) a polyisocyanate; D) an amphiphilic isocyanate; and E) optionally a surfactant and F) optionally other auxiliaries and additives. The invention further relates to the production of this polyurethane foam, where the blowing agent is emulsified in the isocyanate component containing amphiphilic isocyanate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a foamed material, wherein a composition in the form of emulsion with a matrix-forming component, a surfactant component and a near-critical or supercritical blowing agent component is submitted to a lowering of pressure. The blowing agent component further comprises a hydrophobic co-component, which is soluble in supercritical CO2 at a pressure of ?150 bar, is insoluble in subcritical CO2 at a pressure of ?40 bar and is insoluble in the matrix-forming component and furthermore is present in a proportion from ?3 wt % to ?35 wt % of the blowing agent component. It further relates to a composition in the form of emulsion to be used herein and a foamed material obtainable by the process according to the invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a polyurethane foam, where the blowing agent used is present in the supercritical or near-critical state. A reaction mixture is introduced into a closed mould, where the closed mould has been set up in such a way that its interior volume and/or the pressure prevailing in its interior can be altered after the introduction of the mixture by external influence. Through the selection of the surfactant it is possible to obtain microemulsions of the blowing agent in the polyol phase. The invention further relates to a nanocellular polyurethane foam obtainable by the process of the invention.

Abstract: A process for producing a polyurethane foam with bimodal cell size distribution, comprising the following steps: providing a mixture in a mixing head, where the mixture comprises: A) a component reactive towards isocyanates; B) a surfactant component; C) a blowing agent component selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-alkanes, linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-fluoroalkanes, N2, O2, argon and/or CO2, where blowing agent component C) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; D) a polyisocyanate component; discharging the mixture comprising components A), B), C), and D) from the mixing head where, during the discharge of the mixture, the pressure prevailing in the mixture is lowered to atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reaction system for producing PUR and PIR hard foam materials, comprising the following components: A) a compound which is reactive towards isocyanates; B1) a surfactant component; C) a propellant in a supercritical or near-critical state; D) a polyisocyanate; and E) a layer silicate. The invention further relates to a reaction system for producing PUR and PIR hard foam materials, comprising the following components: B2) a surfactant component with functional groups which are reactive towards isocyanates; C) a propellant in a supercritical or near-critical state; D) a polyisocyanate; and E) a layer silicate. The invention further relates to a method for producing PUR and PIR hard foam materials and to PUR and PIR hard foam materials which can be obtained from the aforementioned reaction systems.

Abstract: Process for producing a polyurethane foam and polyurethane foam obtainable therefrom A process for producing a polyurethane foam with bimodal cell size distribution, comprising the following steps: providing a mixture in a mixing head, where the mixture comprises: A) a component reactive towards isocyanates; B) a surfactant component; C) a blowing agent component selected from the group consisting of linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-alkanes, linear, branched or cyclic C1- to C6-fluoroalkanes, N2, O2, argon and/or CO2, where blowing agent component C) is present in the supercritical or near-critical state; D) a polyisocyanate component; discharging the mixture comprising components A), B), C), and D) from the mixing head where, during the discharge of the mixture, the pressure prevailing in the mixture is lowered to atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A process for operating an internal combustion engine or a nozzle includes producing a fuel mixture in-situ. The fuel mixture consists of a polar component A, a nonpolar fuel component B, an amphiphilic component C, and an auxiliary component D. The fuel mixture is produced in a high-pressure region of an injection system of an internal combustion engine or of a nozzle within 10 seconds of an injection operation. The fuel mixture is injected into the internal combustion engine or the nozzle. A pressure is in a range of from 100 to 4,000 bar.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing a foamed material, wherein a composition in the form of emulsion with a matrix-forming component, a surfactant component and a near-critical or supercritical blowing agent component is submitted to a lowering of pressure. The blowing agent component further comprises a hydrophobic co-component, which is soluble in supercritical CO2 at a pressure of ?150 bar, is insoluble in subcritical CO2 at a pressure of ?40 bar and is insoluble in the matrix-forming component and furthermore is present in a proportion from ?3 wt % to ?35 wt % of the blowing agent component. It further relates to a composition in the form of emulsion to be used herein and a foamed material obtainable by the process according to the invention.

Abstract: A polyurethane foam is obtainable from the reaction of a mixture comprising A) an isocyanate-reactive compound; B) a blowing agent selected from the group comprising linear, branched or cyclic C1-C6 hydrocarbons, linear, branched or cyclic C1-C6 (hydro)fluorocarbons, N2, O2, argon and/or CO2, wherein said blowing agent B) is in the supercritical or near-critical state; and C) a polyisocyanate. The isocyanate-reactive compound A) comprises a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion and has an average hydroxyl functionality of more than 1. The hydrophobic portion comprises a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbonaceous chain having 6 or more carbon atoms and the hydrophilic portion comprises alkylene oxide units and/or ester units. Component A) is very preferably a sorbutan ester of the formula (II): where w+x+y+z=20.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reaction mixture in emulsion form, suitable for conversion into polyurethanes, comprising a first phase and a second phase in the emulsion and further comprising the following components: A) polyols; B) blowing agent; C) surfactants; and D) isocyanates, wherein the isocyanate-reactive compounds A) are present in the first phase of the emulsion and the blowing agent B) is present in the second phase. The blowing agent B) is present in the near-critical or supercritical state and the isocyanate D) is present in the second phase in a proportion of ?10% by weight of the total amount of isocyanate D) in the composition. The invention further relates to a method of producing polyurethane foams by providing such a reaction mixture, wherein a polymerization takes place at the freshly formed interface between the polyol phase and the blowing agent phase, to the use of such a reaction mixture for producing polyurethane foams and also to the polyurethane foams obtained.