Abstract: A calender roll including a cylindrical base body, a cover composed of elastic plastic material, and a support cylinder composed of a light metal that carries the cover and is supported by the base body. The support cylinder may include a plurality of coolant conduits.

Abstract: A calender for treating both sides of a paper web includes hard rollers and soft rollers. Working nips are formed between the juncture of each hard roller and soft roller. The roller stack can be loaded from one end, and preferably includes six to eight rollers. A changeover nip is formed by the juncture of two soft rollers or at the transition between two stacks. When using two stacks, each stack preferably has three to five rollers. At least one working nip has a dwell time of at least 0.1 ms. A heatable roller adjacent to the working nip is heated to a surface temperature of at least 100.degree. C. The roller stack is loaded such that an average compressive stress in the working nip is greater than or equal to 42 N/mm.sup.2.

Abstract: A calender for treating a paper web includes a roller stack being loaded with a load on one end. The calender has at least two hard rollers each having a substantially smooth outer surface. The at least two hard rollers each have a device for heating a surface of the roller to a temperature of at least 100.degree. C. The calender also includes at least two soft rollers, wherein each of the at least two soft rollers is disposed adjacent to at least one of the at least two hard rollers to form a working nip therebetween. At least one working nip has a dwell time of the paper web passing through the working nip of at least 0.1 ms. The load on the rollers produces an average compressive stress in the at least one working nip of at least 42 N/mm.sup.2. An arithmetic mean of the numerical value of the surface temperature T, the dwell time t and the compressive stress p in all of the working nips satisfies the following relationship:a target value Zg=1.378-0.00356.multidot.T-(0.00825-5.12.multidot.10.sup.-5 T)p-?0.

Abstract: A calender arrangement having vertically-arranged upper, center and lower rollers with matching upper, center and lower carrier-blocks and a suspended spindle, comprises a support element above a bearing-surface on the upper carrier-block. The support-element aids in lifting the suspended spindle and a carrier-nut when raising the upper carrier-block. An insert is placed between a bearing-surface on the upper carrier-block and the support-element, which comprises a horizontal slider seated on the upper carrier-block, which enables a relatively small motor to be used to reset the carrier-nut.

Abstract: A controlled deflection roll for use in calenders and like machines has a non-rotatable carrier for a hollow cylindrical shell the end portions of which are rotatable on bearings and the central portion of which surrounds hydraulically operated shell deforming elements. A first hydraulic circuit is provided to supply heated oil to the deforming elements, and a second hydraulic circuit serves to feed lubricant to the bearings. The two circuits are separated from each other by thermal barriers which are installed between the shell and the carrier intermediate the deforming elements and the bearings. Valves and/or flow restrictors are provided in the second circuit to vary the rate of feed of lubricant to and/or the flow of lubricant from the bearings. This renders it possible to establish a desired temperature profile along the full length of the peripheral surface of the shell.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein a cylindrical shell is rotatably mounted on a stationary carrier by way of bearings which are disposed in the end portions of the shell. The median portion of the shell is heated by a first heating device, and the end portions of the shell are heated by a discrete second heating device. The second heating device has channels which are provided in the end portions of the shell and/or indictive heaters which are adjacent to the exterior of the end portions of the shell. Alternatively or in addition to such expedients, the second heating device can include the bearings in the end portions of the shell; each such bearing includes or constitutes an axial or radial hydrostatic bearing which is heated by hydraulic fluid to thereby heat the respective end portion of the shell. The second heating device ensures that the effective length of the shell approximates or even matches the axial length of the shell.

Abstract: A roll assembly for use in calenders has a non-rotatable carrier which is surrounded by a rotatable and radially movable hollow cylindrical shell. At least one end of the shell is driven by a pair of gears one of which is mounted in an annular bearing member surrounding a portion of the carrier and the other of which is connected with the one end of the shell. The bearing member shares the radial movements of the shell relative to the carrier. To this end, the radial position of the shell is monitored by one or two sensors in the form of first cylinder and piston units, and the bearing member is adjustable by two second cylinder and piston units.

Abstract: A calender roll wherein a cylindrical shell is rotatably mounted on a stationary carrier by way of bearings which are disposed in the end portions of the shell. The median portion of the shell is heated by a first heating device, and the end portions of the shell are heated by a discrete second heating device. The second heating device has channels which are provided in the end portions of the shell and/or indictive heaters which are adjacent to the exterior of the end portions of the shell. Alternatively or in addition to such expedients, the second heating device can include the bearings in the end portions of the shell; each such bearing includes or constitutes an axial or radical hydrostatic bearing which is heated by hydraulic fluid to thereby heat the respective end portion of the shell. The second heating device ensures that the effective length of the shell approximates or even matches the axial length of the shell.

Abstract: A roll for use in the system of rolls of a calender has a stationary carrier which is surrounded by a deformable hollow cylindrical shell movable radially relative to the carrier and having end portions which surround and are rotatable relative to rings which are also movable relative to the carrier in the radial direction of the shell. The rings can be arrested in selected positions with reference to the carrier by pairs of hydraulic cylinder and piston units which are connected with the outlets of pumps or with the outlet of a single pump by conduits containing shutoff valves. Refilling devices are provided to compensate for leakage of fluid from the chambers. The shell is deformable by rows of hydrostatic supporting elements which react against the carrier and bear against the internal surface of the shell.

Abstract: A pressure roll for use in calenders has a stationary carrier for a shell which is rotatable and movable radially of the carrier. The end portions of the shell surround antifriction bearings which, in turn, surround sleeves capable of moving radially of stubs constituting the end portions of the carrier. The sleeves are pivotally connected to the carrier for oscillatory movement about an axis which is parallel to the axis of the carrier and is angularly offset from one or more hydrostatic or otherwise configurated supporting devices operating between the carrier and the shell to change the radial position of the shell and/or to change the shape of one or more selected portions of the shell. Pivotal mounting of the sleeves on the carrier reduces friction and facilitates accurate adjustment of the radial position of the shell with reference to the carrier.

Abstract: A system of rolls for use in a calender has an end roll with a fixed carrier and a deformable hollow cylindrical shell surrounding the carrier with freedom of radial movement and defining with a neighboring roll an elongated nip for a running web of paper, textile material or the like. The end roll has a row of primary hydrostatic supporting elements disposed between the carrier and the shell adjacent the nip and a row of secondary hydrostatic supporting elements diametrically opposite the row of primary supporting elements. The bearings between the end portions of the shell and the carrier surround rings which are movable relative to the carrier radially of the shell and can be arrested in selected positions by cylinder and piston units which are connected to a source of pressurized fluid by way of shutoff valves.

Abstract: A roll for use in a calender has a stationary carrier for a hollow cylindrical shell whose end portions are supported by combined radial and axial bearings surrounding annular bearing members which, in turn, surround the end portions of the carrier. The carrier defines with each bearing member a set of chambers which are sealed from the atmosphere and can receive pressurized hydraulic fluid to ensure that the end portions of the shell are biased toward a second roll with a requisite force as well that the end portions of the shell are stabilized against lateral and/or other stray movements. The fluid in the chambers ensures that the shell can be acted upon by large forces without unduly stressing the antifriction bearings. The bearing members flank a hydrostatic bearing unit which acts between the central portion of the shell and the carrier.

Abstract: A roll for use in a calender has a stationary carrier which is surrounded by a hollow cylindrical shell with the interposition of a hydraulically operated displacing unit which can flex selected portions of the shell when necessary so as to establish a preselected nip between the peripheral surface of the shell and the shell of an adjoining roll. The hydrostatic displacing unit is flanked by two antifriction bearings which operate between the carrier and the shell and are lubricated by a circuit which is independent of the circuit that supplies hydraulic fluid to the displacing unit. This renders it possible to use in the displacing unit a fluid whose temperature is much higher than the maximum permissible temperature of lubricant for the bearings. The bearings are sealed from the respective ends of the displacing unit by single seals or by multiple seals, and any leak fluid which penetrates beyond the neighboring seal is evacuated through one or more channels in the carrier and/or in the shell.

Abstract: A calender wherein a permanently installed main roll cooperates with at least one exchangeable roll to provide a nip for the passage of a web of paper or the like. The end portions of the exchangeable roll are mounted in bearings which are insertable into and extractible from sockets provided in levers which are pivotably mounted in the frame of the calender. The calender has a transporting unit which is provided with grippers for the bearings and with motors which reciprocate the grippers to extract the bearings from their sockets after the levers are pivoted to positions in which the exchangeable roll is spaced apart from the main roll. The transporting unit thereupon transfers the exchangeable roll onto a mobile rack which can be transported to a station where the exchangeable roll is repaired.

Abstract: A magnetic audio or video tape is smoothed and/or otherwise treated by causing it to pass through one or more calenders wherein a large-diameter primary calender roll is heated from within and the major part of its peripheral surface is surrounded by the running tape. The primary roll rotates about a fixed axis and is surrounded by a cluster of two or more smaller-diameter secondary calender rolls each of which has a viscoelastic peripheral layer and each of which can be individually biased against the adjacent portion of the running tape with a selected force. The magnetic film on the tape is out of contact with the secondary rolls as well as with the guide rollers which cause the tape to advance toward the peripheral surface of the primary roll and thereupon toward a takeup reel.

Abstract: The roll assembly of a calender has at least one roll with a deformable shell which surrounds a rigid carrier and whose end portions surround discrete antifriction bearings. The intermediate portion of the shell surrounds one or more rows of hydrostatic supporting elements which can be acted upon by adjustable fluid-operated motors to change the shape of the intermediate portion in a plane including the axes of the one roll and the neighboring roll as well as at right angles to such plane. Stresses which are applied to the bearings for the end portions of the shell are monitored by several sensors which transmit signals to a control system to regulate the deformation of the shell in such a way that the stresses upon the bearings are minimized or reduced to zero. This enables the intermediate portion of the shell to undergo deformation which is best suited for optimum treatment of the material passing through the nip of the one roll and the neighboring roll.

Abstract: A pressure roll for use in a calender has a beam whose end portions are mounted in a stationary frame and which is spacedly surrounded by a hollow cylindrical shell. Groups of hydrostatic supporting elements are installed in the space between the shell and the beam, and each such group has several supporting elements, as considered in the circumferential direction of the shell. Each supporting element has several hydraulic pressure transmitting cylinder and piston units which are adjacent to each other, as considered in the circumferential direction of the shell. The axis of the shell is held in a supporting plane which includes the axis of the pressure roll as well as the axis of an adjacent roll, and such retention of the axis of the shell in the supporting plane is effected exclusively by regulating the pressure of hydraulic fluid in selected pressure transmitting units. The end portions of the shell are movable radially of the respective portions of the beam.

Abstract: A system of rolls for use in a calender, printer or rolling mill has a pair of rolls at least one of which has a hollow cylindrical shell with an elastically deformable line. The shell surrounds a stationary carrier and confines a row of electromagnetic or hydraulic force applying devices which can be adjusted individually to thereby regulate the pressure between the two rolls and hence the temperature at the exterior of the liner. Such temperature is monitored by one or more sensors, and the signals from such sensors are processed by a computer which regulates an adjusting unit for the force applying devices so that the pattern of temperatures along the external surface of the liner matches an optimum pattern.

Abstract: A calendering machine or a similar machine which has a plurality of treating rollers arranged one above the other and movable in the vertical direction includes a structural unit for rapidly displacing the lowermost roller between its lifted position in which the rollers form treating nips with one another, and a lower position in which the rollers are spaced apart and define gaps between each other. The structural unit is connected to the bearing block of the lowermost roller and incorporates guides, upward movement limiting abutment surfaces for the bearing block, and a hydraulic cylinder-and-piston unit acting on the bearing block from below to displace the bearing block to its lifted position upon introduction of pressurized hydraulic fluid medium into its working chamber, and to permit the bearing to rapidly descend to its lower position upon discharge of the hydraulic fluid medium from its working chamber.

Abstract: A device for separating the rollers of a calender with a suspended spindle held at its upper end on the calender frame or the uppermost roller bearing on each calender side with supporting members which are adjustable in the longitudinal direction of the spindle and which when lifting the rollers from each other abut from below against supporting parts of the roller bearings and are adapted to be secured against rotation. The suspended spindle is divided into screw elements which respectively are associated with each intermediate roller and which have their end sections provided with threaded sections oriented in opposite directions. These screw elements are adjustable independently of each other. The supporting members provided between the threaded sections oriented in opposite directions are adjustable toward and away from the supporting parts of the roller bearings.