Abstract: A method for the orientation of a liquid crystalline substance with respect to a substrate to which the substance is to be applied, the method comprising treating the surface of the substrate prior to application of the substance with a solution of at least one steroid, or at least one porphyrin dyestuff or both.

Abstract: An apparatus for the potential measuring technique has an objective lens for focusing primary electrons onto an object, and also has a spectrometer for the energy selection of secondary electrons to provide an improvement of the quantitative potential measurement on printed conductors of integrated microelectronic components with improved local resolution, higher probe current, and improved potential resolution. The objective lens is a magnetic lens in which the lens field lies largely outside the lens body, and the spectrometer is an electrostatic retarding field spectrometer arranged in the magnetic field of the lens.

Abstract: A magnetic lens system for corpuscular radiation equipment operating in a vacuum, in particular, an objective lens system for electron microscopes, comprising a superconducting shield housing, in which are arranged, at one end, a single hollow cylindrical superconducting shielding device, wound with a lens coil, and at the other end, in front of the free end face of the shielding device, a vacuum chamber for accommodating an object to be examined, permitting the cavity to be relatively large, and detectors for radiation analysis to be arranged therein so that the lens system is therefore suitable for use in scanning electron microscopes.

Abstract: A magnetic lens arrangement for corpuscular radiation equipment working under a vacuum, in particular an objective lens for high voltage electron microscopes, which permits having objects to be examined disposed in a vacuum chamber at room temperature, is achieved by an arrangement which includes a vacuum chamber having a lens coil winding, a superconductive shielding device which is of cup-shaped design and encloses the winding, two superconductive shielding cylinders disposed one behind the other with mutual spacing enclosed by the winding, with a vacuum chamber for the object to be examined disposed in front of the open side of the shielding device and the first shielding cylinder.