Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a generative machine learning machine learning models to perform a machine learning task. In one aspect, a method comprises at each of a sequence of training iterations for a target generative model: obtaining a plurality of training examples that each include an example prompt, an example data item, and a quality score for the example data item; determining likelihoods of the target generative machine learning model generating the example data items for the training examples; determining expected quality scores for the training examples; and training the target generative machine learning model to optimize an objective function that depends on the likelihoods of the target generative machine learning model generating the example data items for the training examples and a difference between the quality scores and the expected quality scores for the training examples.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a generative machine learning model using multi-turn training examples that include sequences of example inputs and example outputs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training neural networks using a preference function that compares a measure of quality between network outputs. According to one aspect there is provided a method for training a target neural comprising: at each of a plurality of training steps, receiving one or more network inputs; for each of the network inputs, processing the network input using the target neural network to generate a first network output, processing the network input using an alternative neural network for the training step to generate a second network output, and applying a preference function to the first and second network outputs to generate a preference score comparing the first and second network outputs; and updating the target neural network weights using an objective function that encourages the first network outputs to be preferred over the second network outputs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an action selection neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. In one aspect, a system comprises a plurality of actor computing units and a plurality of learner computing units. The actor computing units generate experience tuple trajectories that are used by the learner computing units to update learner action selection neural network parameters using a reinforcement learning technique. The reinforcement learning technique may be an off-policy actor critic reinforcement learning technique.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for controlling a reinforcement learning agent in an environment. One of the methods may include maintaining data specifying a base policy set comprising a plurality of base policies for controlling the agent; receiving a current observation characterizing a current state of the environment; generating, for each of the plurality of base policies, one or more predicted future observations characterizing respective future states of the environment that are subsequent to the current state of the environment; using the predicted future observations generated for the plurality of base policies to determine a respective estimated value for each composite policy in a composite policy set with respect to the current state of the environment; and selecting an action using the respective estimated values for the composite policies.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for training a neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. Implementations of the method model unpredictable aspects of the future, using hindsight. They use this information to disentangle inherently unpredictable, aleatoric variation, from epistemic uncertainty that arises from lack of knowledge of the environment. They then use the epistemic uncertainty, which relates to in principle predictable aspects of the environment, as a source of intrinsic reward to drive curiosity, i.e. exploration of the environment by the agent.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for training a neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. Implementations of the system can take into account a level of luck in the environment, and hence whilst learning can account for outcomes that were caused by external factors as well as those dependent on the actions of the agent.

Abstract: A system and method, implemented by one or more computers, of controlling an agent to take actions in an environment to perform a task is provided. The method comprises maintaining a value function neural network an advantage function neural network that is an estimate of a state-action advantage function representing a relative advantage of performing one possible action relative to the other possible actions. The method further comprises using the advantage function neural network to control the agent to take actions in the environment to perform the task. The method also comprises training the value function neural network and the advantage function neural network in a way that takes into account a behavior policy defined by a distribution of actions taken by the agent in training data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for selecting an action to be performed by a reinforcement learning agent. The method includes obtaining an observation characterizing a current state of an environment. For each layer parameter of each noisy layer of a neural network, a respective noise value is determined. For each layer parameter of each noisy layer, a noisy current value for the layer parameter is determined from a current value of the layer parameter, a current value of a corresponding noise parameter, and the noise value. A network input including the observation is processed using the neural network in accordance with the noisy current values to generate a network output for the network input. An action is selected from a set of possible actions to be performed by the agent in response to the observation using the network output.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an action selection neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. In one aspect, a system comprises a plurality of actor computing units and a plurality of learner computing units. The actor computing units generate experience tuple trajectories that are used by the learner computing units to update learner action selection neural network parameters using a reinforcement learning technique. The reinforcement learning technique may be an off-policy actor critic reinforcement learning technique.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an action selection neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. In one aspect, a system comprises a plurality of actor computing units and a plurality of learner computing units. The actor computing units generate experience tuple trajectories that are used by the learner computing units to update learner action selection neural network parameters using a reinforcement learning technique. The reinforcement learning technique may be an off-policy actor critic reinforcement learning technique.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for training a neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. One of the methods includes obtaining data identifying (i) a first observation characterizing a first state of the environment, (ii) an action performed by the agent in response to the first observation, and (iii) an actual reward received resulting from the agent performing the action in response to the first observation; determining a pseudo-count for the first observation; determining an exploration reward bonus that incentivizes the agent to explore the environment from the pseudo-count for the first observation; generating a combined reward from the actual reward and the exploration reward bonus; and adjusting current values of the parameters of the neural network using the combined reward.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an action selection neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. In one aspect, a system comprises a plurality of actor computing units and a plurality of learner computing units. The actor computing units generate experience tuple trajectories that are used by the learner computing units to update learner action selection neural network parameters using a reinforcement learning technique. The reinforcement learning technique may be an off-policy actor critic reinforcement learning technique.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an environment representation neural network of a reinforcement learning system controls an agent to perform a given task. In one aspect, the method includes: receiving a current observation input and a future observation input; generating, from the future observation input, a future latent representation of the future state of the environment; processing, using the environment representation neural network, to generate a current internal representation of the current state of the environment; generating, from the current internal representation, a predicted future latent representation; evaluating an objective function measuring a difference between the future latent representation and the predicted future latent representation; and determining, based on a determined gradient of the objective function, an update to the current values of the environment representation parameters.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a policy neural network. The policy neural network is used to select actions to be performed by an agent that interacts with an environment by receiving an observation characterizing a state of the environment and performing an action from a set of actions in response to the received observation. A trajectory is obtained from a replay memory, and a final update to current values of the policy network parameters is determined for each training observation in the trajectory. The final updates to the current values of the policy network parameters are determined from selected action updates and leave-one-out updates.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training an action selection neural network used to select actions to be performed by an agent interacting with an environment. In one aspect, a system comprises a plurality of actor computing units and a plurality of learner computing units. The actor computing units generate experience tuple trajectories that are used by the learner computing units to update learner action selection neural network parameters using a reinforcement learning technique. The reinforcement learning technique may be an off-policy actor critic reinforcement learning technique.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a recurrent neural network on training sequences using backpropagation through time. In one aspect, a method includes receiving a training sequence including a respective input at each of a number of time steps; obtaining data defining an amount of memory allocated to storing forward propagation information for use during backpropagation; determining, from the number of time steps in the training sequence and from the amount of memory allocated to storing the forward propagation information, a training policy for processing the training sequence, wherein the training policy defines when to store forward propagation information during forward propagation of the training sequence; and training the recurrent neural network on the training sequence in accordance with the training policy.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method of training a neural network. The method comprises processing a first transformed view of a training data item, e.g. an image, with a target neural network to generate a target output, processing a second transformed view of the training data item, e.g. image, with an online neural network to generate a prediction of the target output, updating parameters of the online neural network to minimize an error between the prediction of the target output and the target output, and updating parameters of the target neural network based on the parameters of the online neural network. The method can effectively train an encoder neural network without using labelled training data items, and without using a contrastive loss, i.e. without needing “negative examples” which comprise transformed views of different data items.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a machine learning model. In one aspect, a method includes receiving training data for training the machine learning model on a plurality of tasks, where each task includes multiple batches of training data. A task is selected in accordance with a current task selection policy. A batch of training data is selected from the selected task. The machine learning model is trained on the selected batch of training data to determine updated values of the model parameters. A learning progress measure that represents a progress of the training of the machine learning model as a result of training the machine learning model on the selected batch of training data is determined. The current task selection policy is updated using the learning progress measure.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for training a policy neural network. The policy neural network is used to select actions to be performed by an agent that interacts with an environment by receiving an observation characterizing a state of the environment and performing an action from a set of actions in response to the received observation. A trajectory is obtained from a replay memory, and a final update to current values of the policy network parameters is determined for each training observation in the trajectory. The final updates to the current values of the policy network parameters are determined from selected action updates and leave-one-out updates.