Abstract: An internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes a drive shaft, an intake tract, an exhaust gas tract, an exhaust gas aftertreatment device disposed in the exhaust gas tract, a heating element disposed in the exhaust gas tract upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, an electrically assisted exhaust gas turbocharger, and a conduit element which is fluidically connected to the exhaust gas tract at a first connection point disposed downstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and at a second connection point disposed upstream of the heating element.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes a drive shaft, an intake tract, an exhaust gas tract, an exhaust gas aftertreatment device disposed in the exhaust gas tract, a heating element disposed in the exhaust gas tract upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, an electrically assisted exhaust gas turbocharger, and a conduit element which is fluidically connected to the exhaust gas tract at a first connection point disposed downstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and at a second connection point disposed upstream of the heating element.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes an output shaft, an intake manifold, an exhaust manifold, an exhaust gas aftertreatment device disposed in the exhaust manifold, a heating element disposed in the exhaust manifold upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, an electrically assisted exhaust gas turbocharger, and a conduit element that extends inside the exhaust gas turbocharger and through which a heating medium is flowable. Via the conduit element at least a part of the heating medium is guidable through the exhaust gas turbocharger from the intake manifold into the exhaust manifold.

Abstract: A combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes an output shaft, an intake tract, an exhaust gas tract, an exhaust gas aftertreatment device disposed in the exhaust gas tract, a heating element disposed in the exhaust gas tract upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, an electrically assisted exhaust gas turbocharger, and a conduit element which is fluidically connected to the exhaust gas tract at a first connection point disposed downstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and at a second connection point disposed upstream of the heating element.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes an exhaust system through which exhaust gas can flow and in which a first exhaust gas aftertreatment element is disposed. An exhaust gas turbocharger has a turbine and the turbine has a turbine wheel which is disposed upstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. A bypass line bypasses the turbine wheel and via the bypass line at least part of the exhaust gas can bypass the turbine wheel. The bypass line also bypasses the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. The bypass line is fluidically connected to the exhaust system at a branch point disposed upstream of the turbine wheel and upstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. The bypass line is fluidically connected to the exhaust system at a discharge point disposed downstream of the turbine wheel and downstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine for a motor vehicle includes an exhaust system through which exhaust gas can flow and in which a first exhaust gas aftertreatment element is disposed. An exhaust gas turbocharger has a turbine and the turbine has a turbine wheel which is disposed upstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. A bypass line bypasses the turbine wheel and via the bypass line at least part of the exhaust gas can bypass the turbine wheel. The bypass line also bypasses the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. The bypass line is fluidically connected to the exhaust system at a branch point disposed upstream of the turbine wheel and upstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element. The bypass line is fluidically connected to the exhaust system at a discharge point disposed downstream of the turbine wheel and downstream of the first exhaust gas aftertreatment element.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a dicarboxylic acid, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a catalyst system including a source of palladium, a source of an anion and a bidentate phosphine ligand, to obtain a mixture containing an ethylenically unsaturated acid and one or more reversible adduct of the conjugated diene and the ethylenically unsaturated acid; and (b) removing unreacted conjugated diene, and the reversible adducts of the conjugated diene from the reaction mixture; and (c) reacting the mixture obtained in step (b) containing the ethylenically unsaturated acid further with carbon monoxide and water to obtain the dicarboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a saturated dicarboxylic acid, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and water to obtain a mixture containing an ethylenically unsaturated acid product and one or more reversible adducts of the conjugated diene and the ethylenically unsaturated acid; and (b) reacting the ethylenically unsaturated acid product further with carbon monoxide and water to obtain the dicarboxylic acid, wherein step (a) and (b) are performed in the presence of a catalyst system including a source of palladium, a source of an anion and a bidentate phosphine ligand, and wherein in step (a) the water concentration is maintained at a range of from 0.001 to less than 3% by weight of water, calculated on the overall weight of the liquid reaction medium, and wherein in step (b) the water concentration is maintained at a range of from 3% to 50% by weight of water, calculated on the overall weight of the liquid reaction medium.

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of a conjugated diene to a dicarboxylic acid, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a catalyst system including a source of palladium, a source of an anion and a bidentate phosphine ligand, to obtain a mixture comprising an ethylenically unsaturated acid and reversible diene adducts; (b) separating the obtained reaction mixture into a gaseous stream comprising unreacted conjugated diene and carbon monoxide, a first normally liquid stream comprising at least part of the ethylenically unsaturated acid and the reversible diene adducts, and a second normally liquid stream comprising the catalyst system in admixture with the ethylenically unsaturated acid; (c) recycling the second liquid stream obtained in step (b) to step (a); (d) separating the first liquid product stream obtained in step (b) into a stream comprising the ethylenically unsaturated acid and a stream comprising the reversible diene adducts; and (e)

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of a conjugated diene to an ethylenically unsaturated acid, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a catalyst system including a source of palladium, a source of an anion and a bidentate phosphine ligand, to obtain a mixture comprising an ethylenically unsaturated acid and a reversible diene adduct comprising alkenyl ester of the conjugated diene with the ethylenically unsaturated acid; (b) separating the obtained reaction mixture into a gaseous stream comprising unreacted conjugated diene and carbon monoxide, a first liquid product stream comprising at least part of the ethylenically unsaturated acid and the reversible diene adducts, and a second liquid stream comprising the catalyst system in admixture with the ethylenically unsaturated acid; (c) separating the first liquid product stream obtained in step (b) into a stream comprising the ethylenically unsaturated acid and a stream comprising the reversible d

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a dicarboxylic acid, comprising the steps of (a) contacting a conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a catalyst system including a source of palladium, a source of an anion and a bidentate phosphine ligand, to obtain a mixture comprising an ethylenically unsaturated acid product; (b) reacting the mixture obtained in step (a) further with carbon monoxide and water to obtain the dicarboxylic acid in admixture with the ethylenically unsaturated acid; (c) separating the dicarboxylic acid from a liquid filtrate comprising the catalyst system; and (d) recycling at least part of the obtained liquid filtrate to step (a).

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for the trimerization of olefinic monomers, wherein the catalyst composition comprises: a) a source of chromium, molybdenum or tungsten; b) a ligand of general formula (I); (R1)(R2)P—X—P(R3)(R4)??(I) wherein: X is a bivalent organic bridging group; R1 and R3 are independently selected from, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl and substituted heterohydrocarbyl groups, with the proviso that when R1 and R3 are cycloaromatic groups they do not contain a polar substituent at any of the ortho-positions; R2 and R4 are independently selected from optionally substituted cycloaromatic groups, each R2 and R4 bearing a polar substituent on at least one of the ortho-positions; and c) a cocatalyst.

Abstract: A process for the carbonylation of a conjugated diene, which involves reacting the conjugated diene with carbon monoxide and a co-reactant having a mobile hydrogen atom in the presence of a catalyst system including: (a) a source of palladium; and (b) a bidentate diphosphine ligand of formula II, R1R2>P1—R3m—R—R4n—P2<R5R6 ??(II) wherein P1 and P2 represent phosphorus atoms; R1, R2, R5 and R6 independently represent the same or different optionally substituted organic radical containing a tertiary carbon atom through which each radical is linked to the phosphorus atom; R3 and R4 independently represent the same or different optionally substituted methylene groups; R represents an organic group having the bivalent bridging group C1—C2 through which R is connected to R3 and R4; m and n independently represent a natural number in the range of from 0 to 4, wherein the rotation about the bond between the carbon atoms C1 and C2 of the bridging group is restricted a temperature in the range of from 0° C

Abstract: A catalyst composition suitable for the trimerization of olefinic monomers, wherein the catalyst composition comprises: a) a source of chromium, molybdenum or tungsten; b) a ligand of general formula (I); (R1)(R2)P—X—P(R3)(R4) ??(I) wherein: X is a bivalent organic bridging group; R1 and R3 are independently selected from, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl and substituted heterohydrocarbyl groups, with the proviso that when R1 and R3 are cycloaromatic groups they do not contain a polar substituent at any of the ortho-positions; R2 and R4 are independently selected from optionally substituted cycloaromatic groups, each R2 and R4 bearing a polar substituent on at least one of the ortho-positions; and c) a cocatalyst.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a process for the carbonylation of an epoxide by reacting it with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst system containing two components, wherein the first component is a source of one or more metals selected from the group consisting of cobalt, ruthenium and rhodium, and the second component is a coordination complex of a tetrapyrrole compound with one or more of the metals belonging to the group consisting of groups IIIA and IIIB of the periodic system, lanthanides and actinides. The present invention also pertains a process for the preparation of a catalyst system.

Abstract: Zirconocene compounds with two indenyl ligands linked in the 2 position by means of a two-carbon-atoms divalent bridging group can be suitably used as components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. Particularly it is possible to prepare, with high yields, ethylene (co)polymers having low molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions, without the need of using considerable amounts of molecular weight regulators, such as hydrogen.

Abstract: Zirconocene compounds with two indenyl ligands linked in the 2 position by means of a two-carbon-atoms divalent bridging group can be suitably used as components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. Particularly it is possible to prepare, with high yields, ethylene (co)polymers having low molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions, without the need of using considerable amounts of molecular weight regulators, such as hydrogen.

Abstract: Zirconocene compounds with two indenyl ligands linked in the 2 position by means of a two-carbon-atoms divalent bridging group can be suitably used as components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. Particularly it is possible to prepare, with high yields, ethylene (co)polymers having low molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions, without the need of using considerable amounts of molecular weight regulators, such as hydrogen.

Abstract: Zirconocene compounds with two indenyl ligands linked in the 2 position by means of a two-carbon-atoms divalent bridging group can be suitably used as components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. Particularly it is possible to prepare, with high yields, ethylene (co)polymers having low molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions, without the need of using considerable amounts of molecular weight regulators, such as hydrogen.

Abstract: Zirconocene compounds with two indenyl ligands linked in the 2 position by means of a two-carbon-atoms divalent bridging group can be suitably used as components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins. Particularly it is possible to prepare, with high yields, ethylene (co)polymers having low molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions, without the need of using considerable amounts of molecular weight regulators, such as hydrogen.