Abstract: The present disclosure describes various embodiments of systems, apparatuses, and methods for implementing an array antenna having a combination of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic conductors in alternating multilayers. One such antenna device comprises an array of patch antennas on a substrate, wherein the patch antennas are formed of a combination of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic conductors in alternating multilayers; and a microstrip feeding line coupled to the array of patch antennas. Other systems, apparatuses, and methods are also presented.

Abstract: Various examples are provided related to electrochemical phosphate/pH (P/pH) sensors, systems and related methods. In one example, a P/pH sensor includes a substrate and collocated phosphate (P) electrode and pH electrode formed on a surface of the substrate. The P electrode includes a cobalt (Co) sensing window disposed on a first copper (Cu) sensor pad; and the pH electrode includes an antimony (Sb) sensing window disposed on a second Cu sensor pad. The P/pH sensor can include a reference electrode, and may also include other sensor electrodes such as, e.g., a nitrate electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes various embodiments of systems, apparatuses, and methods for implementing an array antenna having a combination of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic conductors in alternating multilayers. One such antenna device comprises an array of patch antennas on a substrate, wherein the patch antennas are formed of a combination of ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic conductors in alternating multilayers; and a microstrip feeding line coupled to the array of patch antennas. Other systems, apparatuses, and methods are also presented.