Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to protocol state transition and/or resource state transition tracker configured to monitor, e.g., via filters, for certain protocol state transitions/changes or host hardware resource transitions/changes when a host processor in the control plane that performs such monitoring functions is unavailable or overloaded. The filters, in some embodiments, are pre-computed/computed by the host processor and transmitted to the protocol state transition and/or resource state transition tracker. The protocol state transition and/or resource state transition tracker may be used to implement a fast upgrade operation as well as load sharing and or load balancing operation with control plane associated components.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for autonomous secrets management for a key distribution service (“KDS”). A KDS server performs centralized management and distribution of keys for client devices in a distributed computing system, which obviates key management and distribution at the client devices. In operation, a key request is received at a KDS server from a KDS client device. The key request is generated using a data protector and a KDS client component of the KDS client device. The key request is associated with a caller and a security token of the caller. The caller is authenticated at a security token service (STS) based on a security token. An encryption key or decryption key associated with the key request is generated. The encryption key or the decryption key is generated based on an interval-based key derivation scheme. The encryption key or the decryption key is communicated to KDS client.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to dynamic shadow operations configured to dynamically shadow data-plane resources in a network device. In some embodiments, the dynamic resource shadow operations are used to locally maintain a shadow copy of data plane resources to avoid having to read them through a bus interconnect. In other embodiments, the dynamic shadow framework is used to provide memory protection for hardware resources against SEU failures. The dynamic shadow framework may operate in conjunction with adaptive memory scrubbing operations. In other embodiments, the dynamic shadow infrastructure is used to facilitate fast boot-up and fast upgrade operations.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to dynamic shadow operations configured to dynamically shadow data-plane resources in a network device. In some embodiments, the dynamic resource shadow operations are used to locally maintain a shadow copy of data plane resources to avoid having to read them through a bus interconnect. In other embodiments, the dynamic shadow framework is used to provide memory protection for hardware resources against SEU failures. The dynamic shadow framework may operate in conjunction with adaptive memory scrubbing operations. In other embodiments, the dynamic shadow infrastructure is used to facilitate fast boot-up and fast upgrade operations.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to generating authentication information independent of user input. In some embodiments, an authentication application repeatedly performs operations to authenticate a client application to one or more hosts of a server system during an automated tasks. In some such embodiments, an instance of the operations includes receiving, from the client application, a request to generate authentication information. In response to the request, the authentication application may retrieve authentication data for the user and, independent of user input, generate an item of authentication information based on the authentication data. The authentication application may then output the item of authentication information to the client application, where the item of authentication information is usable by the client application to authenticate to at least one of the one or more hosts.

Abstract: Various methods and systems are provided for autonomous secrets management for a key distribution service (“KDS”). A KDS server performs centralized management and distribution of keys for client devices in a distributed computing system, which obviates key management and distribution at the client devices. In operation, a key request is received at a KDS server from a KDS client device. The key request is generated using a data protector and a KDS client component of the KDS client device. The key request is associated with a caller and a security token of the caller. The caller is authenticated at a security token service (STS) based on a security token. An encryption key or decryption key associated with the key request is generated. The encryption key or the decryption key is generated based on an interval-based key derivation scheme. The encryption key or the decryption key is communicated to KDS client.

Abstract: Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronic acid ester derivatives, wherein one or more hydroxy functions of its 1,4.beta.-D-glucuronic acid and 1,3-.beta.-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine alternating repeating units are esterified with a carboxyl group of succinic acid to form the succinic hemiester of hyaluronic acid or hyaluronic acid esters. These derivatives are used to prepare the corresponding heavy metal salts of succinic hemiesters of hyaluronic acid or with hyaluronic acid partial or total esters. These salts are used as active ingredients in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions to be used as antibacterial and disinfectant agents for the treatment of wounds, burns and ophthalmia or as antiinflammatory agents in particular for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of osteoarticular disorders.

Abstract: A method for the preparation of a sucrose 6-ester comprises:(i) reacting sucrose with a ketene acetal in the presence of an acid catalyst in an inert organic solvent to form a sucrose alkyl 4, 6-orthoester;(ii) subjecting the sucrose alkyl 4, 6-orthoester to mild acidic hydrolysis to provide a mixture of 4- and 6-monoesters of sucrose; and(iii) treating the mixture of sucrose monoesters with a base to convert the sucrose 4-ester into sucrose 6-ester. Sucralose may be prepared by chlorination of sucrose 6-esters prepared according to the invention.

Abstract: Sucrose or derivatives thereof such as esters are acylated at the 4'- and/or the 6- position by reaction with a donor acyl ester, e.g. a reactive ester of an alkanoic acid or benzoic acid, in the presence of lipase. Sucrose 6,4' so produced can be chlorinated and deacylated to produce the sweetener sucralose.

Abstract: A process for the chlorination of sucrose or a derivative thereof, comprises reaction of the sucrose or derivative thereof with thionyl chloride and a nitrogen base at a ratio of about 1 molar equivalent (ME) of thionyl chloride and about 1 ME of base for every ME of free hydroxyl, in a non-reactive moderately polar solvent. The process is particularly suitable for the preparation of sucralose.

Abstract: Sucrose or derivatives thereof such as esters are acylated at the 4'- and/or the 6-position by reaction with a donor acyl ester, e.g. a reactive ester of an alkanoic acid or benzoic acid, in the presence of lipase. Sucrose 6,4'-diesters so produced can be chlorinated and deacylated to produce the sweetener sucralose.

Abstract: The novel chlorinated sugar O-.alpha.-D-6-chloro-6-deoxygalactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.6)-.alpha.-D-4-chlo ro-4-deoxygalactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.2)-.beta.-D-1, 6-dichloro-1, 6-dideoxyfructofuranoside (TCR) can be used to prepare sucralose by incubating the TCR in solution in the presence of an enzyme serving to remove the 6-chloro-6-deoxygalactosyl moiety from the 6-position, especially an enzyme derived from a strain of Mortierella vinacea, Circinella muscae or Aspergillus niger. TCR is prepared by treating raffinose with thionyl chloride in the presence of triphenylphosphine oxide.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula: ##STR1## (in which X represents a hydrogen atom or an alkoxy or arylalkoxy group) are new compounds; those where X represents a hydrogen atom or a methoxy group are potent sweeteners while those with a cleavable 6-ether group are key intermediates in the preparation of 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose (TGS). They are prepared by chlorinating a sucrose 6-ether, by etherifying a suitably protected derivative of TGS or, in the case where X represents hydrogen, by debromination of 6-bromo-4,1',6'-trichloro-4,6,1',6'-tetradeoxygalactosucrose.

Abstract: A method of sweetening a substance comprises incorporating therein a mono- or poly- chloro, mono- or poly- deoxy sucrose derivative having chlorine atoms in selected combinations of positions 4,6,1'- and 6'- of the sucrose molecule. The compounds are many times sweeter than sucrose and are formulated as ingestible products, such as foodstuffs and beverages; oral compositions, such as toothpaste and chewing gum; or sweetening compositions, such as tablets, for addition to beverages, etc.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula (I) are potent sweeteners, especially 4,1',6'-tribromo-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose: ##STR1## in which R' represents a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 respectively represent a hydroxy group and a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom and a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.4 represents a chlorine or bromine atom; at least one of R', R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 representing a bromine atom.

Abstract: A method of sweetening a substance comprises incorporating therein a mono- or poly- chloro, mono- or poly- deoxy sucrose derivative having chlorine atoms in selected combinations of positions 4,6,1'- and 6'- of the sucrose molecule. The compounds are many times sweeter than sucrose and are formulated as ingestible products, such as foodstuffs and beverages; oral compositions, such as toothpaste and chewing gum; or sweetening compositions, such as tablets, for addition to beverages, etc.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose (TGS) comprising the steps of:(a) reacting sucrose with an acylating reagent under conditions to provide a mixture of acylated sucrose derivatives containing a major proportion of 6-monoacylated material;(b) optionally separating 6-monoacylated sucrose derivative from other acylated derivatives before step (c);(c) reacting the monoacylated sucrose derivative with a chlorinating reagent capable of chlorinating at positions 1', 4 and 6' of a sucrose 6- acylate; and(d) deacylating and separating (in either order) the 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose material formed.

Abstract: A new chlorinated sucrose derivative, 2,6,1',6'-tetrachloro-2,6,1',6'-tetradeoxy-mannosucrose, is used as a bittering agent, e.g. to replace quinine sulphate, in ingestible compositions such as Indian tonic water, and in non-ingestible compositions.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a 2-chloro-2-deoxy-mono-, di- or oligo-saccharide comprises reaction of a mono-, di- or oligo-saccharide derivative having a free hydroxy group in at least 2- position and having the hydroxy group in at least the 1- and 3- positions protected from chlorination, with sulphuryl chloride in the presence of an organic base in a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature below -40.degree. C. to form a chlorosulphate derivative with a chlorosulphate group in at least the 2-position, which chlorosulphate derivative is then reacted with lithium chloride in the presence of hexamethylphosphoric triamide to replace chlorosulphate groups with chlorine atoms to form a chlorodeoxy derivative, which chlorodeoxy derivative is then freed of unwanted protecting groups.

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula (I) are potent sweeteners, especially 4,1',6'-tribromo-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose: ##STR1## in which R' represents a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 respectively represent a hydroxy group and a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen atom and a chlorine or bromine atom;R.sup.4 represents a chlorine or bromine atom; at least one of R', R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 representing a bromine atom.