Abstract: The invention relates to a protocol for driving a liquid crystal display, in which a row (common) matrix is made up of orthogonal block-circulant matrices which can be generated by nonlinear programming or alternatively by paraunitary matricing.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ITO heater for a liquid crystal display, typically a DSTN display which comprises an active liquid crystal cell for optical modulation, characterized by a dummy cell adapted for optical compensation comprising two substrates with liquid crystal therebetween, by a heater, the heater comprising a transparent conductive layer applied to one of the substrates, and by the dummy cell further comprising electrically conductive spacing means for simultaneously maintaining a desired cell gap and equalizing the electrical potential between the two substrates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a chiral nematic display configuration, typically in liquid crystal displays, comprising a chiral nematic display of controllable planar structure and focal conic structure, characterised by the chiral nematic liquid crystal material being between two transparent substrates having conductive electrodes, the material being between two elliptical polarizers and there being an optical reflector. The invention achieves a high contrast black-and-white display. The displays in the embodiment are first and second optical mode configurations of the black-and-white chiral nematic displays.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical cable for electrical connection, typically in electronic displays such as liquid crystal displays, comprising a conductive element and an insulator therefor, characterised in that the insulator on one surface is interrupted over its length whereby to provide mechanical stability of the conductive element and to adapt the cable for electrical connection with another electrical device. The cable in the embodiment has a conductive layer and an upper and lower insulating layer, a gap in the upper insulating layer, (as considered in use) defines the interrupted insulator through which the conductive layer is exposed for connection with the another electrical device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ITO heater for a liquid crystal display, typically a DSTN display which comprises an active liquid crystal cell for optical modulation, characterised by a dummy cell adapted for optical compensation comprising two substrates with liquid crystal therebetween, by a heater, the heater comprising a transparent conductive layer applied to one of the substrates, and by the dummy cell further comprising electrically conductive spacing means for simultaneously maintaining a desired cell gap and equalizing the electrical potential between the two substrates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of driving an LCD, comprising providing an array of pixels, characterised by the steps of providing cholesteric liquid crystals arranged between spaced transparent substrates, and by providing a reset pulse and a plurality of selection pulses whereby to provide resultant driving waveform(s).