Abstract: A system and method for growing and maintaining biological material including producing a protein associated with the tissue, selecting cells associated with the tissue, expanding the cells, creating at least one tissue bio-ink including the expanded cells, printing the at least one tissue bio-ink in at least one tissue growth medium mixture, growing the tissue from the printed at least one tissue bio-ink, and maintaining viability of the tissue.

Abstract: A metal nanoparticle-phosphopeptide complex comprising a metal nanoparticle and a phosphopeptide is provided. The phosphopeptide comprises two or more contiguous peptide motifs and two or more phosphorus-containing groups capable of interacting with the surface of the metal nanoparticle. The amino acids at the equivalent position in each peptide motif have similar structural and/or electronic properties. Each phosphorus-containing group is bound to an amino acid in the two or more contiguous peptide motifs. Methods for preparing the metal nanoparticle-phosphopeptide complex are also provided.