Abstract: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) may be applied to a person's body using six different types of electrodes. More specifically, the electrodes may be shaped and dimensioned (a) for insertion into blood vessels so that they make contact with the person's blood; (b) for insertion into a central canal of a spinal cord, so that they make contact with the CSF; (c) for insertion into a body orifice at a position that contacts an interior surface of the person's body; (d) for affixation to skin of the person's body (e.g., on the person's head, torso, back, abdomen, etc.); (e) for insertion into a brain ventricle so that they make contact with the person's CSF; or (f) for insertion into lymph vessels so that they make contact with the person's lymph. Applying an AC voltage between any two of these electrodes will create TTFields in respective parts of the person's body.

Abstract: An assembly, a system, and a method of use for an electrode array having a semi-liquid conductive gel are herein disclosed. The assembly comprises at least one electrode; and a semi-liquid hydrogel having a viscosity of between about 8440 and 20000 milli pascals per second, wherein the semi-liquid hydrogel is disposed between a surface of the at least one electrode and a patient's skin.

Abstract: A patient positioning device attachable to a medical table comprising a base configured to overlie the table and underlie the patient, wherein the upper surface of the base faces the patient and the lower surface faces the table. One or more supports are removably attachable to the base to support a body region of the patient. The base can be composed of a foam material with a covering material for removable attachment of the supports. Various shapes, sizes and function of the supports can be used.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for imposing electric fields through a target region in a body of a patient are described. Generally, the apparatus may include an electric field generator having a first circuit generating a first output signal having a positive voltage; a second circuit generating a second output signal having a negative voltage, and a processor executing processor executable instructions to alternatingly enable the first output signal, and the second output signal to a first port and a second port to generate an alternating current square wave in a frequency range from 50 kHz to 1 MHz.

Abstract: Improved hydrogel configurations for use with a TTField-generating system is disclosed. Also disclosed are kits containing the improved hydrogel configurations and methods of producing and using the improved hydrogel configurations.

Abstract: A system and method for delivering TTFields are herein described. The system comprises an electric field generator generating a signal having a frequency from 50 kHz to 1 MHz and coupled to a lead. A pad is coupled to the lead and includes a solid continuous phase material and a conductive gel. The solid continuous phase material receives the signal from the lead, has a skin-facing surface, and is constructed of a conductive material or has a conductive material attached to, absorbed into, or adsorbed onto the solid continuous phase material. Pockets intersect the skin-facing surface, the pockets sized and dimensioned to receive a hair shaft. The conductive gel is attached to, absorbed into, or adsorbed onto the skin-facing surface and positioned within some of the pockets.

Abstract: A system and method for delivering TTFields are herein described. The system comprises, a first port operable to receive a lead of a first pad, a second port operable to receive a lead of a second pad, an electric field generator having circuitry operable to generate an electric signal having a frequency, a current, and a voltage, the frequency in a range of about 50 kHz to about 1 MHz, the circuitry operable to supply the electric signal to the first port and the second port, and to control the current to maintain the current within plus or minus 5% of a current threshold during a period of time in which at least one of a measured voltage and a measured impedance is below a threshold, and a power supply operable to supply power to the electric field generator.

Abstract: A system and method for delivering TTFields are herein described. The system comprises an electric field generator generating a signal having a frequency from 50 kHz to 500 kHz and coupled to a first lead and a second lead. A first pad is coupled to the first lead and includes a conductive foam and a first conductive gel. The conductive foam receives the signal from the first conductive lead and comprises a solid continuous phase material comprising at least a conductive material. A plurality of pockets is interspersed throughout the conductive foam. The first conductive gel is attached, absorbed, or adsorbed to the conductive foam. The second lead is coupled to the electric field generator and a second pad is coupled to the second lead. The second pad has a second electrode element connected to a second conductive gel element and receives the signal from the second conductive lead.

Abstract: Improved hydrogel configurations for use with a TTField-generating system is disclosed. Also disclosed are kits containing the improved hydrogel configurations and methods of producing and using the improved hydrogel configurations.

Abstract: Gadolinium based contrast agents (GCA) incorporating linear ligand chelation are fundamentally different from GCAs incorporating macrocyclic ligands. The macrocyclic GCAs are synthesized by pathways characterized by the formation of a sequence of metastable complexes before obtaining the final stable complex. The synthesis of linear GCAs do not form metastable complexes. Commercial macrocyclic GCAs contain unstable metastable complexes. These metastable species are not regulated and quickly release free Gd3+ ions upon administration into the body. Gadolinium based contrast agents with near zero metastable species content and methods of synthesizing the same are disclosed. Gadolinium based contrast agents with long dissociation time in the body, and low free Gd3+ ion formation are obtained using a synthesis method which departs in novel ways from the traditional free Gd3+-based synthesis methods.

Abstract: An assembly for use in a TTField-generating system is disclosed that includes at least one electrode in combination with a polymerized conductive hydrogel and a liquid conductive hydrogel disposed on at least a portion of the polymerized hydrogel. Also disclosed are transducer arrays including the assemblies, as well as kits and methods of producing and using the assemblies, arrays, and systems.

Abstract: Gadolinium based contrast agents (GCA) incorporating linear ligand chelation are fundamentally different from GCAs incorporating macrocyclic ligands. The macrocyclic\GCAs are synthesized by pathways characterized by the formation of a sequence of metastable complexes before obtaining the final stable complex. The synthesis of linear GCAs do not form metastable complexes. Commercial macrocyclic GCAs contain unstable metastable complexes. These metastable species are not regulated and quickly release free Gd3+ ions upon administration into the body. Gadolinium based contrast agents with near zero metastable species content and methods of synthesizing the same are disclosed. Gadolinium based contrast agents with long dissociation time in the body, and low free Gd3+ ion formation are obtained using a synthesis method which departs in novel ways from the traditional free Gd3+-based synthesis methods.

Abstract: Gadolinium based contrast agents (GCA) incorporating linear ligand chelation are fundamentally different from GCAs incorporating macrocyclic ligands. The macrocyclic\GCAs are synthesized by pathways characterized by the formation of a sequence of metastable complexes before obtaining the final stable complex. The synthesis of linear GCAs do not form metastable complexes. Commercial macrocyclic GCAs contain unstable metastable complexes. These metastable species are not regulated and quickly release free Gd3+ ions upon administration into the body. Gadolinium based contrast agents with near zero metastable species content and methods of synthesizing the same are disclosed. Gadolinium based contrast agents with long dissociation time in the body, and low free Gd3+ ion formation are obtained using a synthesis method which departs in novel ways from the traditional free Gd3+-based synthesis methods.

Abstract: A conductive pad having a topcoat layer, an electrode element and a conductive gel element is described. The electrode element is connected to the topcoat layer, and configured to receive an electrical signal from a generator producing an electric signal as a TTField. The conductive gel element is directly connected to the electrode element so as to receive an electrical current from the electrode element. The conductive gel element is configured to be in contact with a patient's skin. The electrode element and the conductive gel element can be constructed of a plurality of flexible films bonded together so as to provide the conductive pad with sufficient flexibility to conform to a patient's body.

Abstract: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) may be applied to a person's body using six different types of electrodes. More specifically, the electrodes may be shaped and dimensioned (a) for insertion into blood vessels so that they make contact with the person's blood; (b) for insertion into a central canal of a spinal cord, so that they make contact with the CSF; (c) for insertion into a body orifice at a position that contacts an interior surface of the person's body; (d) for affixation to skin of the person's body (e.g., on the person's head, torso, back, abdomen, etc.); (e) for insertion into a brain ventricle so that they make contact with the person's CSF; or (f) for insertion into lymph vessels so that they make contact with the person's lymph. Applying an AC voltage between any two of these electrodes will create TTFields in respective parts of the person's body.

Abstract: An assembly for use in a TTField-generating system is disclosed that includes at least one electrode in combination with a polymerized conductive hydrogel and a liquid conductive hydrogel disposed on at least a portion of the polymerized hydrogel. Also disclosed are transducer arrays including the assemblies, as well as kits and methods of producing and using the assemblies, arrays, and systems.

Abstract: Improved hydrogel configurations for use with a TTField-generating system is disclosed. Also disclosed are kits containing the improved hydrogel configurations and methods of producing and using the improved hydrogel configurations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are complexes of gadolinium metal, ligand and meglumine that are substantially free of non-aqueous solvents. In particular, solvent-free complexes of 1) gadopentetate dimeglumine and 2) gadoterate meglumine are disclosed and methods of their preparation are disclosed. In addition, methods are disclosed for purifying reactants, monitoring and controlling pH, quantifying the free gadolinium content, quantifying the concentration of gadolinium-ligand complex in aqueous solution, and procedures for producing a drug product in one step. The one step process eliminates the need to dry the gadolinium-ligand complex, which is typically highly hygroscopic. The one step process includes purification steps that do not require the use of non-aqueous solvents.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are complexes of gadolinium metal, ligand and meglumine that are substantially free of non-aqueous solvents. In particular, solvent-free complexes of 1) gadopentetate dimeglumine and 2) gadoterate meglumine are disclosed and methods of their preparation are disclosed. In addition, methods are disclosed for purifying reactants, monitoring and controlling pH, quantifying the free gadolinium content, quantifying the concentration of gadolinium-ligand complex in aqueous solution, and procedures for producing a drug product in one step. The one step process eliminates the need to dry the gadolinium-ligand complex, which is typically highly hygroscopic. The one step process includes purification steps that do not require the use of non-aqueous solvents.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are complexes of gadolinium metal, ligand and meglumine that are substantially free of non-aqueous solvents. In particular, solvent-free complexes of 1) gadopentetate dimeglumine and 2) gadoterate meglumine are disclosed and methods of their preparation are disclosed. In addition, methods are disclosed for purifying reactants, monitoring and controlling pH, quantifying the free gadolinium content, quantifying the concentration of gadolinium-ligand complex in aqueous solution, and procedures for producing a drug product in one step. The one step process eliminates the need to dry the gadolinium-ligand complex, which is typically highly hygroscopic. The one step process includes purification steps that do not require the use of non-aqueous solvents.