Abstract: Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is caused by dominant inactivating mutations in the colony stimulating factor receptor 1 (CSF1R) kinase domain. GM-CSF haploinsufficiency corrects olfactory, cognitive and emotional functions lost in Csf1r+/? mice. This correlates with the correction of microgliosis and microglial functions resulting in improvement of myelination and rescue of neurogenesis. However, GM-CSF haploinsufficiency fails to correct the motor deficits of Csf1r+/? mice and cerebellar microgliosis. The present invention discloses methods and compositions using GM-CSF as a suitable therapeutic target to inhibit in amelioration of the cognitive impairments in ALSP and other in conditions involving inflammatory activation of microglia and macrophages, such as AD, ALS, multiple sclerosis, and hippocampal inflammation following radiation therapy.

Abstract: A fitting for connecting a hose to ports of a water filter bypass valve, the hose having an inner diameter less than that of the ports. The fitting includes a unitary base member, a second end connector, and first and second washers. The base member includes a first end connector securable to either of the ports, a neck having a truncated cone shaped inner wall, and a second end having a first outer diameter with a disk shaped flange extending outwardly to a second outer diameter greater than the first outer diameter. The second end connector has a radially inwardly extending flange disposed around the base member second end with and inner diameter greater than the first outer diameter and less than the second outer diameter of the base member second end. The first and second washers are in the first and second end connectors, respectively.