Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to hexagonal osmium boride, OsB2, and methods of producing the same. In one non-limiting embodiment, hexagonal OsB2 is produced by mechanochemical synthesis of osmium and boron in a high energy ball mill.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to hexagonal osmium boride, OsB2, and methods of producing the same. In one non-limiting embodiment, hexagonal OsB2 is produced by mechanochemical synthesis of osmium and boron in a high energy ball mill.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: A mechanochemical oxidation process that allows relatively benign oxidizers to be used for the production of at least partially oxidized graphite, and a method of preparing a carbon fiber using oxidized graphite and a fiber component. Partially oxidized graphite is fully dispersible in water and can be used to prepare thin films with conductivities rivaling pure graphite. This offers the potential for improved electronic displays, solar cells, and lithium ion batteries. A carbon nanotube and a method of making the same is also provided.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to the reduction of carbon dioxide by heterogeneous catalysis with a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst comprising structurally frustrated Lewis pairs, wherein, for example but not by way of limitation, formic acid is produced and hydrocarbons are indirectly produced. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having structurally frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Abstract: A mechanochemical oxidation process that allows relatively benign oxidizers to be used for the production of at least partially oxidized graphite, and a method of preparing a carbon fiber using oxidized graphite and a fiber component. Partially oxidized graphite is fully dispersible in water and can be used to prepare thin films with conductivities rivaling pure graphite. This offers the potential for improved electronic displays, solar cells, and lithium ion batteries. A carbon nanotube and a method of making the same is also provided.

Abstract: Provided are processes for the oxidative cleavage of a double bond in an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The process includes contacting the unsaturated carboxylic acid with a mild oxidizing agent and agitating the unsaturated carboxylic acid and the mild oxidizing agent for a time sufficient to cleave a double bond of the unsaturated carboxylic acid and produce a product comprising an aldehyde. The process is typically carried out in a mill, such as a ball, hammer, attrition, or jet mill.

Abstract: Provided are methods for the solubilization of cellulose into soluble sugars without the need for high temperatures, high pressures, strong acid solutions, and/or added water. The produced sugars can be fermented into ethanol. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting a cellulose-containing material with a solid acid material and agitating the cellulose-containing material and the solid acid material for a time sufficient to produce an aqueous solution comprising a quantity of soluble sugars.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to hexagonal osmium boride, OsB2, and methods of producing the same. In one non-limiting embodiment, hexagonal OsB2 is produced by mechanochemical synthesis of osmium and boron in a high energy ball mill.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to hexagonal osmium boride, OsB2, and methods of producing the same. In one non-limiting embodiment, hexagonal OsB2 is produced by mechanochemical synthesis of osmium and boron in a high energy ball mill.

Abstract: Provided are processes for the oxidative cleavage of a double bond in an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The process includes contacting the unsaturated carboxylic acid with a mild oxidizing agent and agitating the unsaturated carboxylic acid and the mild oxidizing agent for a time sufficient to cleave a double bond of the unsaturated carboxylic acid and produce a product comprising an aldehyde. The process is typically carried out in a mill, such as a ball, hammer, attrition, or jet mill.

Abstract: Provided are processes for the oxidative cleavage of a double bond in an unsaturated carboxylic acid. The process includes contacting the unsaturated carboxylic acid with a mild oxidizing agent and agitating the unsaturated carboxylic acid and the mild oxidizing agent for a time sufficient to cleave a double bond of the unsaturated carboxylic acid and produce a product comprising an aldehyde. The process is typically carried out in a mill, such as a ball, hammer, attrition, or jet mill.

Abstract: A mechanochemical oxidation process that allows relatively benign oxidizers to be used for the production of at least partially oxidized graphite, and a method of preparing a carbon fiber using oxidized graphite and a fiber component. Partially oxidized graphite is fully dispersible in water and can be used to prepare thin films with conductivities rivaling pure graphite. This offers the potential for improved electronic displays, solar cells, and lithium ion batteries. A carbon nanotube and a method of making the same is also provided.

Abstract: The presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates generally to processes for the non-aqueous hydrolysis of cellulose-containing material, and, more particularly but without limitation, to processes for the non-aqueous hydrolysis of cellulose-containing material into soluble sugars using a solid acid material as a catalyst. Further, the presently disclosed and/or claimed inventive concept(s) relates to non-aqueous and/or powdered soluble sugars and reaction products containing such non-aqueous and/or powdered soluble sugars produced according to a non-aqueous hydrolysis of cellulose-containing material using a solid acid material as a catalyst.