Abstract: A vehicle detection and classification sensor provides accurate 3D profiling and classification of highway vehicles for speeds up to 100 mph. A scanning time-of-flight laser rangefinder is used to measure the distance to the highway from a fixed point above the road surface and then measure the distance to the surfaces of any vehicle that is viewed by the sensor. The beam is pulsed at a high repetition rate for determining vehicle speeds with a high accuracy and uses the calculated speed and consecutive range measurements as the vehicle moves past the sensor to develop a three-dimensional profile of the vehicle. An algorithm is applied to the three-dimensional profile for providing a vehicle-classification. A laser is also used to count the number of axles associated with the vehicle.

Abstract: A vehicle detection and classification sensor provides accurate 3D profiling and classification of highway vehicles for speeds up to 100 mph. A scanning time-of-flight laser rangefinder is used to measure the distance to the highway from a fixed point above the road surface and then measure the distance to the surfaces of any vehicle that is viewed by the sensor. A rotating polygon scans a beam laser into two beams projected across the road surface at a fixed angle between them. The beam is pulsed at a high repetition rate for determining vehicle speeds with a high accuracy and uses the calculated speed and consecutive range measurements as the vehicle moves past the sensor to develop a three-dimensional profile of the vehicle. An algorithm is applied to the three-dimensional profile for providing a vehicle-classification.

Abstract: A sensor using laser range imaging technology is adapted for determining a three-dimensional profile of a vehicle passing the sensor for use in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. A continuously pulsed laser beam scanned across a detection area determines the presence of a vehicle. Range, angle and time date for a vehicle passing the sensor are collected and stored for use in determining its three-dimensional profile. Forward and backward beams are directed for scanning across the detection area. Pulsed energy is sent into the two divergent beams, which are received as reflective energy in a receiver. The receiver accepts reflections from the beams and provides inputs for purposes of determining time of flight, and for measuring the time interval between interceptions of the two divergent beams for a given vehicle. An encoder tracks the position of the mirror for providing angle data with associated range measurements.

Abstract: A time measurement device useful with laser range cameras and time-of-flight measuring methods includes a light transmitter responsive to start and stop signals for transmitting the light during a time interval to be measured, and a light receiver for receiving the light and for providing an output signal related to an exposure of the light during the time interval time between start and stop signals to the transmitter The output signal thus providing a measurement of the time between the start and the stop signals. The transmitter includes a light emitting diode to which an electrical current is provided for generating a constant output light source for the transmitter. The light receiver includes charged coupled devices (CCD) having a linear response to an amount of exposure to the light received from the light transmitter. As a result, the CCD provides the output signal in a linear relationship to the amount of exposure to the light, and thus a measurement of the time interval.

Abstract: An Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) sensor provides accurate information on real-time traffic conditions that can be used for incident detection, motorist advisories, and traffic management via signals, ramp meters, and the like. A diode-laser-based Vehicle Detector And Classifier (VDAC) measures the presence, speed, and three-dimensional profiles of vehicles passing beneath it within its multi-lane field-of-view coverage. The sensor uses pulsed laser range imaging technology adapted for determining the three-dimensional profile of the vehicle. The VDAC employs a rotating polygon mirror to scan a pulsed laser rangefinder across three lanes of a highway in order to measure the presence, speed, and height profiles of vehicles in all three lanes simultaneously. A receiver accepts reflections from beams transmitted from the sensor and provides inputs for determining time of flight, and a time interval between interceptions of the two divergent beams for the vehicle.

Abstract: A sensor using pulsed laser range imaging technology is adapted for determining a three-dimensional profile of a vehicle passing the sensor for use in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. A continuously pulsed laser beam scanned across a detection area determines the presence of a vehicle. Range, angle and time date for a vehicle passing the sensor are collected and stored for use in determining its three-dimensional profile. Forward and backward beams are directed for scanning across the detection area. Pulsed energy is sent into the two divergent beams, which are received as reflective energy in a receiver. The receiver accepts reflections from the beams and provides inputs for purposes of determining time of flight, and for measuring the time interval between interceptions of the two divergent beams for a given vehicle. An encoder tracks the position of the mirror for providing angle data with associated range measurements.

Abstract: A laser range camera provides both imaging and range information using laser radar techniques. A laser transmitter having a fan shaped beam that creates a column shaped beam in a far field is scanned along a single axis within a defined field of view using an acoustical optical device. A staring focal array of multiple line receivers having a long narrow field of view by using a linear array of fiber optics receives reflected energy from the scanned scene and transfers the received information to an avalanche photo diode by bundling the linear array into a circular array for interfacing with the diode. The range and intensity of each pixel within a scene is measured using a CCD measurement system which communicates with the receiver through the electrical signals. Range is determined for each pixel of the scene using the exposure characteristics of a CCD with analog type time of flight measurements.

Abstract: An object sensor and method using pulsed laser range imaging technology is adapted for determining the velocity and three dimensional profile of a vehicle passing the sensor for classifying the type of vehicle for use in Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. A pair of scanned laser beams are provided by splitting a continuously pulsed laser beam from a transmitter and an optical receiver determines the presence of a vehicle in a predetermined zone such as a highway weigh station or toll booth. Range, angle and time data are collected and stored for use in determining the speed of the vehicle passing the sensor and its three dimensional profile. Forward and backward scanned beams are provided using alternate embodiments of a rotating mirror and using two transmitters/receivers in another embodiment. The pulsed energy is sent into the two divergent beams, which are received as reflective energy in a receiver.

Abstract: A helicopter hazardous ground object warning system has a horizontally rotating beam from a laser rangefinder which detects and measures the distance to ground objects which may present a hazard to a helicopter during hover, takeoff and landing. The rotating laser beam from the rangefinder is positioned on the fuselage of a helicopter to create a quasi-horizontal (planar) scan pattern parallel to the earth's surface. The maximum and minimum ranges which can be measured by the rangefinder to objects and to ground personnel are preset. The minimum range can be used for blanking range measurements as a function of angle from helicopter parts, such as landing skids or wheel structures. A pilot warning system for hazardous objects may include an audible or visual alarm which may include a screen positioning all objects relative to the helicopter rotors and an external audible personnel warning system alerting ground personnel in the hazardous zone.

Abstract: The sensor includes a range finder having means for emitting a directional output of pulsed energy toward a fixed area, and includes a transmitter section which divides pulsed energy into divergent beams, which are then received as reflective energy in a receiver section. The receiver alternately selects between outputs of two detectors receiving reflections from the beam and provide inputs for purposes of determining time of flight, and for measuring the time interval between interceptions of the two divergent beams for a given object. The sensor also receives inputs indicating the time that each pulse is emitted and the selected outputs from the detector to indicate when returning energy is received from the corresponding pulse to determine the elapsed time between the two.

Abstract: An object sensor and method using pulsed laser range imaging technology is adapted for controlling an agricultural spraying system. A single laser sensor employs a continuously scanned pulsed laser transmitter and optical receiver to determine the presence or absence of foliage in predetermined spray zones to selectively control spraying only in those spray zones where foliage has been sensed. Range and distance data are also collected and stored in a microprocessor for use in determining the appropriate zones requiring spraying.

Abstract: A laser weapon simulator apparatus requires a gunner to correctly lead a moving target when using a laser direct fire weapon simulator for markmanship training. The weapon simulator includes one or more lasers for firing a plurality of radiation beams along the weapon boresight and on at least one side thereof. An encoding circuit is coupled to the lasers for assigning a code to each radiation beam. A simulated target has a radiation detector for detecting the radiation beams of the lasers and includes a decoder coupled thereto for recognizing each code assigned to each radiation beam and comparing the lead taken by the gunner with the required lead.

Abstract: A target apparatus for detecting laser radiation, or the like, impinging thereon. The target has a support having a plurality of fiber optic fibers mounted thereon with their ends attached to a radiation detector and amplifier. A radiation scattering cover covers the fiber optic fibers on at least one side to scatter radiation impinging thereupon adjacent the fibers, thereby changing the angle of light entering the fibers to produce a signal on the detector to indicate a beam of radiation hitting the target.