Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to material systems which include a plurality of particles and methods of making the same. The particles have a core and a shell which encapsulates the core and has at least one atomic element not included in the core. The cores of the particles have a median maximum dimension that is less than 10 microns and a median of at least one axial dimension that is between 10 nm and 500 nm. The shells of the particles have a median thickness that is less than 100 nm, a silicon concentration that is between 10% and 50% on the basis of the weight of the shells, and an aluminum concentration that is between 0.01% and 5% on the basis of the weight of the shells.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a metastable silver nanoparticle composite, a process for its manufacture, and its use as a source for silver ions and/or colorimetric signaling In various embodiments, the composite comprises, consists essentially of or consists of metastable silver nanoparticles that change shape when exposed to moisture, a stability modulant that controls the rate of the shape change, and a substrate to support the silver nanoparticles and the modulant.

Abstract: The disclosed technology relates generally to material systems which include a plurality of particles and methods of making the same. The particles have a core and a shell which encapsulates the core and has at least one atomic element not included in the core. The cores of the particles have a median maximum dimension that is less than 10 microns and a median of at least one axial dimension that is between 10 nm and 500 nm. The shells of the particles have a median thickness that is less than 100 nm, a silicon concentration that is between 10% and 50% on the basis of the weight of the shells, and an aluminum concentration that is between 0.01% and 5% on the basis of the weight of the shells.

Abstract: Tracing fracking liquid in oil and gas wells using unique DNA sequences. For each of the DNA sequences, bonding to magnetic core particles, and encapsulating them with silica. Pumping the volumes of fracking liquid, each marked with one of the unique DNA sequences, into the well. Pumping fluids out of the well while taking fluid samples. For each of the plural fluid samples, gathering the silica encapsulated DNA using magnetic attraction with the magnetic core particles, dissolving away the silica shells, thereby separating the plural unique DNA sequences form the magnetic core particles, and analyzing the concentration of the unique DNA sequences in each of the plural fluid samples. Then, calculating the ratio of each of the volumes of fracking liquid recovered for each of the fluid samples, and thereby establishing the quantity of the volumes of fracking liquids removed from the fracture zones.

Abstract: Tracing fracking liquid in oil and gas wells using unique DNA sequences. For each of the DNA sequences, bonding to magnetic core particles, and encapsulating them with silica. Pumping the volumes of fracking liquid, each marked with one of the unique DNA sequences, into the well. Pumping fluids out of the well while taking fluid samples. For each of the plural fluid samples, gathering the silica encapsulated DNA using magnetic attraction with the magnetic core particles, dissolving away the silica shells, thereby separating the plural unique DNA sequences form the magnetic core particles, and analyzing the concentration of the unique DNA sequences in each of the plural fluid samples. Then, calculating the ratio of each of the volumes of fracking liquid recovered for each of the fluid samples, and thereby establishing the quantity of the volumes of fracking liquids removed from the fracture zones.

Abstract: A pyrophoric sheet that comprises oxidizable iron, non-combustible fibers, stiction-reducing coating where the sheet has a water content <2%.

Abstract: A pyrophoric sheet that comprises oxidizable iron, non-combustible fibers, stiction-reducing coating where the sheet has a water content<2%.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to a metastable silver nanoparticle composite, a process for its manufacture, and its use as a source for silver ions. In various embodiments, the composite comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of metastable silver nanoparticles that change shape when exposed to moisture, a stability modulant that controls the rate of the shape change, and a substrate to support the silver nanoparticles and the modulant.

Abstract: Group IV nanocrystals, such as, for example, silicon nanocrysals and germanium nanocrystals, with chemically accessible surfaces are produced in solution reactions. Group IV halides can be reduced in organic solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (glyme), with soluable reducing agents to give halide-terminated group IV nanocrystals, which can then be easily functionalized with alkyl lithium, Grignard or other reagents to synthesize group IV nanocrystals having air and moisture stable surfaces. Synthesis can occur at ambient temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Silicon nanocrystals with chemically accessible surfaces are produced in solution in high yield. Silicon tetrahalide such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) can be reduced in organic solvents, such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane(glyme), with soluble reducing agents, such as sodium naphthalenide, to give halide-terminated (e.g., chloride-terminated) silicon nanocrystals, which can then be easily functionalized with alkyl lithium, Grignard or other reagents to give easily processed silicon nanocrystals with an air and moisture stable surface. The synthesis can be used to prepare alkyl-terminated nanocrystals at ambient temperature and pressure in high yield. The two-step process allows a wide range of surface functionality.

Abstract: Silicon nanocrystals with chemically accessible surfaces are produced in solution in high yield. Silicon tetrahalide such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) can be reduced in organic solvents, such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (glyme), with soluble reducing agents, such as sodium naphthalenide, to give halide-terminated (e.g., chloride-terminated) silicon nanocrystals, which can then be easily functionalized with alkyl lithium, Grignard or other reagents to give easily processed silicon nanocrystals with an air and moisture stable surface. The synthesis can be used to prepare alkyl-terminated nanocrystals at ambient temperature and pressure in high yield. The two-step process allows a wide range of surface functionality.

Abstract: Silicon nanocrystals with chemically accessible surfaces are produced in solution in high yield. Silicon tetrahalide such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) can be reduced in organic solvents, such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (glyme), with soluble reducing agents, such as sodium naphthalenide, to give halide-terminated (e.g., chloride-terminated) silicon nanocrystals, which can then be easily functionalized with alkyl lithium, Grignard or other reagents to give easily processed silicon nanocrystals with an air and moisture stable surface. The synthesis can be used to prepare alkyl-terminated nanocrystals at ambient temperature and pressure in high yield. The two-step process allows a wide range of surface functionality.