Abstract: A refrigerant consisting or consisting essentially of: a) a nonflammable high volatility component consisting of carbon dioxide, and b) a nonflammable low volatility component selected from the group consisting of: HFO1224yd(Z), HFO1224yd(E), HFO1233zd(E), HFO1233zd(Z), HFO1233xf, HFO1336mzz(E), HFO1336mzz(Z), 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene and mixtures thereof; c) an intermediate volatility component selected from the group consisting of: HFO1234yf, HFO1234ze(E), HFO1225ye(Z), HFO1243zf and mixtures thereof; and d) optionally a component selected from the group consisting of HFC227ea, HFC152a, HFC32 and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A refrigerant consisting or consisting essentially of: a) a nonflammable high volatility component consisting of carbon dioxide, and b) a nonflammable low volatility component selected from the group consisting of: HFO1224yd(Z), HFO1224yd(E), HFO1233zd(E), HFO1233zd(Z), HFO1233xf, HFO1336mzz(E), HFO1336mzz(Z), 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene and mixtures thereof; c) an intermediate volatility component selected from the group consisting of: HFO1234yf, HFO1234ze(E), HFO1225ye(Z), HFO1243zf and mixtures thereof; and d) optionally a component selected from the group consisting of HFC227ea, HFC152a, HFC32 and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for the production of fluorinated carbon nanostructures such as carbon black is disclosed, wherein a plasma is generated in a plasma chamber and a fluorocarbon, or a fluorocarbon containing mixture, is supplied to the plasma to convert at least some of the fluorocarbon into a fluorinated carbon material. Direct pyrolysis of a fluorocarbon, or a mixture containing this, provides a one-step method for producing fluorinated carbon nanostructures with a formula CFx, where 0.06<x<0.15, the particles having a relatively narrow spread of diameters, and exhibiting excellent hydrophobicity.

Abstract: A method for the production of fluorinated carbon nanostructures such as carbon black is disclosed, wherein a plasma is generated in a plasma chamber and a fluorocarbon, or a fluorocarbon containing mixture, is supplied to the plasma to convert at least some of the fluorocarbon into a fluorinated carbon material. Direct pyrolysis of a fluorocarbon, or a mixture containing this, provides a one-step method for producing fluorinated carbon nanostructures with a formula CFx, where 0.06<x<0.15, the particles having a relatively narrow spread of diameters, and exhibiting excellent hydrophobicity.

Abstract: An improved process for the manufacture of CF3CHF2 by contacting 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (CClF2CHClF) or 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CHF2CClF2) or mixtures of CF3CHCl2 and CClF2CHClF or mixtures of CF3CHClF and CHF2CClF2 with HF in the presence of a Cr2O3 catalyst prepared by pyrolysis of ammonium dichromate, the reaction being conducted under controlled conditions whereby the production of CF3CHF2 is maximized, and the formation of chloropentafluoroethane (CF3CClF2) and other perhalo derivatives is minimized. The subject hydrogen-containing compound is useful as a blowing agent, propellant, refrigerant, fire extinguishing agent, or sterilant carrier gas.

Abstract: A process for the production of a hydrofluoroalkane, particularly 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or pentafluoroethane, which comprises contacting a hydrochlorofluoroethane or a hydrochlorofluoroethene with hydrogen fluoride and a fluorination catalyst and recovering a hydrofluoroalkane from the resulting products, the hydrochlorofluoroethane having the formula CClXYCFHZ and the hydrochlorofluoroethene having the formula CClA-CFZ wherein X and Y are each independently chlorine or fluorine, Z is chlorine or hydrogen and A is chlorine or fluorine provided that where each of X and Y is fluorine then Z is hydrogen. A preferred embodiment of the process is the production of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane from the hydrochlorofluoroethene CCl2═CFH.

Abstract: A process for extracting a compound or composition of matter from a raw material containing that compound or composition as a constituent part is described. The process comprises the steps of (1) contacting a sample of the raw material with an extraction solvent comprising a C1-4 (hydro)fluorocarbon alone or with a co-solvent, and (2) separating the solvent liquor thus obtained containing the extract from the raw material. The process may be used to extract natural products, such as flavored or aromatic oils, and biologically active compounds, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A process for extracting a compound or composition of matter from a raw material containing that compound or composition as a constituent part is described. The process comprises the steps of (1) contacting a sample of the raw material with an extraction solvent comprising a C1-4 (hydro)fluorocarbon alone or with a co-solvent, and (2) separating the solvent liquor thus obtained containing the extract from the raw material. The process may be used to extract natural products, such as flavored or aromatic oils, and biologically active compounds, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals.

Abstract: A process for extracting a compound or composition of matter from a raw material containing that compound or composition as a constituent part is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of (1) contacting a sample of the raw material with an extraction solvent comprising 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and a co-solvent selected from an alkane and a hydrocarbon ether, (2) forming a solvent liquor comprising the extraction solvent and an extract from the raw material, and (3) separating the solvent liquor containing the extract from the raw material.

Abstract: Refrigerant/lubricant compositions comprising a hydrofluoroalkane, e.g. R-134a, and a polyether which is the methyl encapped polooxypropylene ether of glycerol.

Abstract: A non-azeotropic refrigerant is described comprising (A) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), (B) pentafluoroethane (R-125), (C) 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a) and (D) chlorodifluoromethane (R-22).

Abstract: A process for purifying a crude material containing one or more desired compounds in impure form id described. The process comprises the steps of (1) passing the crude material through a chromatography column packed with a particulate absorbent solid using a solvent comprising at least one fluorine containing compound selected from the (hydro)fluorocarbons and the (hydro)fluorocarbon ethers to transport the said crude material through the packed column, and (2) collecting the one or more desired compounds as they emerge from the column as a solution in the solvent.

Abstract: A process for the co-production of two or more hydrofluoroalkanes which comprises contacting an alkene or a halogenated alkane with hydrogen fluoride at elevated temperature in the presence of a fluorination catalyst to produce a first hydrofluoroalkane and wherein an organic precursor to a second hydrofluoroalkane is provided in the process whereby to produce a second hydrofluoroalkane in addition to the first hydrofluoroalkane. In particularly preferred embodiments of the process, the first hydrofluoroalkane is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane derived from 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane or trichloroethylene and the second hydrofluoroalkane is one or more of pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.

Abstract: Production of trifluoroethylene from 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and/or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane in a heated reaction zone in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst.

Abstract: A process for purifying a crude material containing one or more desired compounds in impure form is described. The process includes the steps of (1) passing the crude material through a chromatography column packed with a particulate absorbent solid using a solvent comprising at least one fluorine containing compound selected from the (hydro)fluorocarbon ethers to transport the said crude material through the packed column, and (2) collecting the one or more desired compounds as they emerge from the column as a solution in the solvent.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrofluorocarbons, in particular hydrofluoroalkanes such as difluoromethane, which comprises contacting an .alpha.-fluoro-ether, in particular a fluorinated dialkyl ether such as bis(fluoromethyl)ether in the liquid phase with a Lewis acid such as a fluoride of Nb, Sb, B, Ta, Al or Ti.

Abstract: An additive for imparting soil-release or anti-soiling characteristics to a textile comprising a copolymer formed by the chemical condensation of (A) an organic compound having a plurality of carboxylic anhydride groups, and (B) a bifunctional compound, each functional group being condensible with the anhydride groups of (A) and also containing a terminal fluorocarbon group of at least 3 carbon atoms.