Abstract: A method for near real time quality analysis consistent with certain embodiments passively samples packets (616) from a stream of Internet Protocol (IP) packets that represent a communication session between a pair of end points carrying signals being transmitted over a transmission path in an IP network, and determines (620) in near real time at least two metrics from the sampled packets for the communication session. The at least two metrics include at least one metric that measures a quantity of lost packets, and at least one metric that measures a characteristic of packet timing. The method further involves calculating (632) a quality score in near real time using a quality formula that combines the at least two metrics. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

Abstract: A method for near real time quality analysis consistent with certain embodiments passively samples packets (616) from a stream of Internet Protocol (IP) packets that represent a communication session between a pair of end points carrying signals being transmitted over a transmission path in an IP network, and determines (620) in near real time at least two metrics from the sampled packets for the communication session. The at least two metrics include at least one metric that measures a quantity of lost packets, and at least one metric that measures a characteristic of packet timing. The method further involves calculating (632) a quality score in near real time using a quality formula that combines the at least two metrics. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

Abstract: A frozen aerated product in a container, the container having a wall delimiting a cavity and having an opening, the cavity containing a bag, the opening being closed by a valve having a product inlet and a product outlet, the bag containing the product inlet, the cavity containing a propellant, the frozen aerated product being contained within the bag and gastightly separated from the propellant by the bag, there being an annular hermetic seal between the bag and the wall; characterised in that the bag is resiliently inflatable and the frozen aerated product is under a gauge pressure of between 4 and 18 bar.

Abstract: A frozen aerated product in a container is provided. The product is under a pressure of between 4 and 18 barg, and the container is provided with a valve. The valve has a flow rate of above 6 g s?1, preferably between 10 and 30 g s?1. The flow rate of the valve being the mass flow rate at which the frozen aerated product, having a temperature of ?18° C., is discharged through the fully open valve to atmospheric pressure. Also provided are valves suitable for dispensing viscous products at high flow rate whilst retaining a low opening and actuation force.