Abstract: Methods and compositions involving exosomes or lipid nanovesicles are provided. For example, certain aspects relate to compositions comprising exosomes obtained from cells that have been induced to undergo oxidative stress or stimulated. Furthermore, some aspects of the invention provide methods of treating a subject at risk or having a demyelinating disorder using the compositions.

Abstract: Methods and compositions involving exosomes or lipid nanovesicles are provided. For example, certain aspects relate to compositions comprising exosomes obtained from cells that have been induced to undergo oxidative stress or stimulated. Furthermore, some aspects of the invention provide methods of treating a subject at risk or having a demyelinating disorder using the compositions.

Abstract: Methods and compositions involving exosomes or lipid nanovesicles are provided. For example, certain aspects relate to compositions comprising exosomes obtained from cells that have been induced to undergo oxidative stress or stimulated. Furthermore, some aspects of the invention provide methods of treating a subject at risk or having a demyelinating disorder using the compositions.

Abstract: Methods and compositions involving exosomes or lipid nanovesicles are provided. For example, certain aspects relate to compositions comprising exosomes obtained from cells that have been induced to undergo oxidative stress or stimulated. Furthermore, some aspects of the invention provide methods of treating a subject at risk or having a demyelinating disorder using the compositions.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for delivering a therapeutic agent to target organs or tissues, such as brain. The methods and compositions use bone marrow stem cells, monocytes, macrophages or microglial cells to deliver the therapeutic agent associated with nanoparticles to the target organ or tissue.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising an ammonia electrode, a pH electrode and a thermistor is utilized in determining ammonium in concentration and total ammonia concentration by simultaneously measuring to produce signals related to ammonia concentration, hydrogen ion concentration and temperature. Ammonium ion concentration and total ammonia concentration are calculated based on the equation [NH.sub.4.sup.+ ]=[NH.sub.3 ][H.sup.+ ]/K where K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction NH.sub.3 +H.sup.+ .revreaction.NH.sub.4.sup.+ at the temperature measured by the thermistor. In a preferred embodiment a microprocessor is included for the calculation of ammonium ion concentration and of total ammonia concentration. In one embodiment, the electrodes and thermistor are simultaneously applied to a body fluid or tissue of a living animal and continuous data on ammonium ion concentration and total ammonia is produced. Alternatively, fluid samples can be withdrawn from an animal or person for similar measurements in vitro.