Abstract: A system for monitoring and/or controlling tissue modification during an electrosurgical procedure includes an electrosurgical apparatus connected to an electrosurgical generator and configured to grasp tissue therebetween via a pair of jaw members. The system also includes an optical system having an optical source that directs light through tissue. One or more optical detectors analyze the light transmitted through and reflected back from the tissue and a processor utilizes this information to control the delivery of electrosurgical energy from the electrosurgical generator to the tissue.

Abstract: A method of producing a waveguide and a coupling transducer for connecting the waveguide to a load is disclosed. The method comprises: forming a series of similar circuits each circuit comprising two capacitors and at least one inductor section, the circuits being coupled to together to form the waveguide; and removing one of the capacitors and at least part of the at least one inductor section from one of the circuits to form the coupling transducer.

Abstract: A system for monitoring and/or controlling tissue modification during an electrosurgical procedure includes an electrosurgical apparatus connected to an electrosurgical generator and configured to grasp tissue therebetween via a pair of jaw members. The system also includes an optical system having an optical source that directs light through tissue. One or more optical detectors analyze the light transmitted through and reflected back from the tissue and a processor utilizes this information to control the delivery of electrosurgical energy from the electrosurgical generator to the tissue.

Abstract: The optical design of large-scale mirror-rotation free-space optical cross-connect switches is based on one-or two-dimensional arrays of two-axis micro-electromechanical torsion mirrors. The layout of a compact switch is presented. The parameters of the Gaussian optical beam that maximizes the port count that can be obtained for a given mirror turn angle is identified. The supporting optical system needed to create the desired beam is defined. Scaling laws for the optical path length needed to support a given number of ports are derived. Operating configurations that minimize the effect of static and thermally induced mirror curvature are also identified. The overall design yields a switch layout that is compact and tolerant of mirror distortion.