Abstract: This invention relates generally to: (1) methods of forming enhanced-surface walls (20) for use in apparatae (e.g., heat transfer devices, fluid mixing devices, etc.) for performing a process, (2) to enhanced-surface walls per se, and (3) to various apparatae incorporating such enhanced-surface walls.

Abstract: Heat transfer devices and methods of making such devices are disclosed. One such device is a fin having a primary texture and a secondary texture, wherein each texture has an average amplitude. The amplitude is an elevation change from a peak of the texture to an adjacent valley. The average amplitude of the secondary texture is between 1% and 90% of the average amplitude of the primary texture. Such a fin may have holes, some of which may be used to accommodate tubes passing through the fin.

Abstract: A photonic radio-frequency (RF) field probe for detecting and measuring RF fields incorporates a probe head, a fiber cable and a photodetector/power-laser unit. An antenna drives a small, fiber-coupled laser, biased by a fiber-coupled optical power converter through series resistors, together with electrical connections and supporting apparatus. Methods of calibration include use of a reference oscillator in the probe head, use of the relationship between optical power sent to the optical power converter and resulting photodetector signal, and measurement of signal-fiber attenuation from light reflected by the laser in the probe head. Other probe embodiments utilize a reflective multiple quantum well modulator and embodiments which measure all three directional components of the RF field.