Abstract: An electrophoretic display comprising a fluid including a first species of particles and a charge control agent disposed between first and second electrodes. When a first addressing impulse have an electrical polarity is applied to the medium, the first species of particles move in one direction relative to the electric field, but when a second addressing impulse, larger than the first addressing impulse but having the same electrical polarity, is applied to the medium, the first species of particles move in the opposed direction relative to the electric field.

Abstract: Modern computer based gaming in contrast to traditional gaming does not present the user/player with “responsibility” in that failure has negligible or no consequences and losing an element or part of the game is now essentially limited to failure of the standalone gaming console or failure to maintain an active account with some premium Internet based gaming applications. However, if the player's character within a game was linked to a physical element that stored their data in a secure manner and was required physically to electronically connect to the gaming system for the player to play then loss of the physical element means loss of the avatar. Similarly, if the securely stored data is written down to zero upon the death of the avatar within the game then the system may prevent the user restoring their game to a prior point to replay and avoid their failure.