Abstract: An apparatus comprising a cold-plasma ozone generator, the ozone generator comprising: a non-arcing non-coronal ozone production cell capable of generating ozone; the ozone production cell having a pair of electrodes placed on two sides of the production cell and spaced apart by an electrode gap, and a dielectric layer on each of the electrodes facing inward into the ozone production cell; a high-voltage pulse generator attached to the electrodes and configured for producing a glow discharge cold plasma between the electrodes, the high-voltage pulse generator being able to produce sufficient voltage to generate the glow discharge cold plasma; a cooling system attached to each of the electrodes; and an oxygen source adapted to provide gas flow through the production cell in the gap between the pair of electrodes that efficiently generates ozone in the cold plasma, wherein the dielectric layers are intimately and directly bonded to each of the electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a cold-plasma ozone generator, the ozone generator comprising: a non-arcing non-coronal ozone production cell capable of generating ozone; the ozone production cell having a pair of electrodes placed on two sides of the production cell and spaced apart by an electrode gap, and a dielectric layer on each of the electrodes facing inward into the ozone production cell; a high-voltage pulse generator attached to the electrodes and configured for producing a glow discharge cold plasma between the electrodes, the high-voltage pulse generator being able to produce sufficient voltage to generate the glow discharge cold plasma; a cooling system attached to each of the electrodes; and an oxygen source adapted to provide gas flow through the production cell in the gap between the pair of electrodes that efficiently generates ozone in the cold plasma, wherein the dielectric layers are intimately and directly bonded to each of the electrodes.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating high-pressure pulses in a subterranean dielectric medium are provided. The method includes providing an electrode assembly in the medium, the electrode assembly having first and second electrodes that define a gap therebetween. A shaped electric current pulse is delivered to the electrode assembly. The electric current pulse has a duration greater than 100 ?s so that an electric arc is formed between the first and second electrodes, thereby producing a pressure pulse in the medium.

Abstract: A method, system, and electrode assembly are disclosed that maximizes the lifetime of electrodes for high energy electrical discharges in water by arranging the electrodes in concentric rings or a stack of concentric rings. The radii and the thickness of the ring electrodes are optimized for electrical reliability, low jitter, and minimal erosion. In one embodiment, the electrode assembly is configured to be disposed in a subterranean dielectric medium, receive an electric current pulse having a length of time greater than 100 microseconds, and form an electric arc between the first electrode and the second electrode, thereby producing a pressure pulse axially away from the insulator.

Abstract: An apparatus for efficiently generating ozone in dry air or in oxygen at about 1 bar pressure. The apparatus generates a uniform cold plasma having no arcs or localized discharges that fills the entire generator volume. Electrical pulses having a peak voltage of approximately 20 kV, pulse width of approximately 20-ns FWHM, and repetition rate of approximately 10 kHz drive the generator. Short pulses apply voltage to the generator on a short time scale compared to the time required to form an arc-like discharge, and at an electric field strength many times over DC breakdown, which is not achievable with long electrical pulse widths. The generator is optimized for cool, UV-free operation. Dimensions of the generator are adjusted to optimize production of ozone by tailoring the distribution function of the electrons in the cold plasma. Overall efficiency of the generator approaches 50% of the theoretical quantum efficiency of generating ozone.

Abstract: A method, system, and electrode assembly are disclosed that maximizes the lifetime of electrodes for high energy electrical discharges in water by arranging the electrodes in concentric rings or a stack of concentric rings. The radii and the thickness of the ring electrodes are optimized for electrical reliability, low jitter, and minimal erosion. In one embodiment, the electrode assembly is configured to be disposed in a subterranean dielectric medium, receive an electric current pulse having a length of time greater than 100 microseconds, and form an electric arc between the first electrode and the second electrode, thereby producing a pressure pulse axially away from the insulator.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating high-pressure pulses in a subterranean dielectric medium are provided. The method includes providing an electrode assembly in the medium, the electrode assembly having first and second electrodes that define a gap therebetween. A shaped electric current pulse is delivered to the electrode assembly. The electric current pulse has a duration greater than 100 ?s so that an electric arc is formed between the first and second electrodes, thereby producing a pressure pulse in the medium.

Abstract: A method and system are described to treat ammonia-containing wastewater or process waters. Sewage containing human or animal waste and certain process liquids, typically water, contains high levels of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. An electro-chemical method to extract the ammonia from the wastewater is also described. The system described is one implementation of this method. One or more electrolysis cells convert ammonium to ammonia where the generated ammonia gas can readily be extracted for disposal or reuse. Such a system can involve electrolysis cells of numerous types as described herein.

Abstract: A method and system are described to treat ammonia-containing wastewater or process waters. Sewage containing human or animal waste and certain process liquids, typically water, contains high levels of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. An electro-chemical method to extract the ammonia from the wastewater is also described. The system described is one implementation of this method. One or more electrolysis cells convert ammonium to ammonia where the generated ammonia gas can readily be extracted for disposal or reuse. Such a system can involve electrolysis cells of numerous types as described herein.

Abstract: A wastewater treatment system. Toilet, kitchen, commercial, and industrial process waste is segregated from the total wastewater stream and treated in order to reduce the total nitrogen, phosphorous, pathogens, household hazardous and hazardous wastes and organic carbon released into the environment. Release of treated toilet, kitchen, commercial, and industrial process liquid waste is eliminated. Segregation of toilet, kitchen, and commercial and industrial process wastewater from non-toilet, kitchen, commercial and industrial process wastewater requires separate sewer plumbing and separate storage of the toilet, kitchen, commercial and industrial process wastewater. The non-toilet, non-kitchen, non-commercial & non-industrial process wastewater can be released via a traditional septic tank and drain field or processed for reuse.

Abstract: A plasma processing apparatus includes a first chamber having a first wall with an inner peripheral surface and an outlet. A plurality of fluid supplying outlets are disposed along the first wall and are configured to supply a cooling fluid into the first chamber that travels in a circumferential direction around the inner peripheral surface of the first wall and in a direction towards the outlet. The cooling fluid exiting the plurality of fluid supplying outlets forms a cooling layer for cooling the inner peripheral surface of the first wall, and the outlet is configured for allowing the cooling fluid to exit therethrough while retaining the plasma within the chamber.

Abstract: An intense ultraviolet radiation source is disclosed that may be operated in substantially any arbitrary gas environment, without regard to a containment envelope for the ultraviolet radiation source. The intense ultraviolet radiation source can be generated by applying a pulsed or continuous electrical discharge to a partially ionized combustion flame via two electrodes. The combustion flame and electrical discharge can be focused, contained, or confined by gas pressure, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields. Optionally, the thermal energy in the flame and the electrical discharge power input may be augmented with an electromagnetic radiation source, such as a radio-frequency induction heater, a laser, or a microwave generator. Impurities may be placed in contact with or added to the fuel and/or the oxidizer to further alter the emitted ultraviolet radiation spectral brightness as needed.

Abstract: An X-ray debris shield for use in X-ray lithography that is comprised of an X-ray window having a layer of low density foam exhibits increased longevity without a substantial increase in exposure time. The low density foam layer serves to absorb the debris emitted from the X-ray source and attenuate the shock to the window so as to reduce the chance of breakage. Because the foam is low density, the X-rays are hardly attenuated by the foam and thus the exposure time is not substantially increased.

Abstract: A composite window structure is described for transmitting x-ray radiation and for shielding radiation generated debris. In particular, separate layers of different x-ray transmissive materials are laminated together to form a high strength, x-ray transmissive debris shield which is particularly suited for use in high energy fluences. In one embodiment, the composite window comprises alternating layers of beryllium and a thermoset polymer.

Abstract: Carbon particles entrained in the gas flow into a magnetohydrodynamic generator are electrostatically charged from a source of high voltage and then function as charge carriers in the MHD process. Lower flow temperatures may be used and seeding with alkali metal salts is unnecessary as the MHD process becomes independent of thermal ionization of constituents of the gas flow.