Abstract: A system and method are used to route input signals from an input node to N output nodes. The system includes an input section that receives input signals, an output section that transmits output signals based on the input signals, and a switching section. The switching section includes switches that control transmission of the input signals from the input section to the output section. The switches can be latching micro-magnetic switches that include a magnet proximate to a substrate, a cantilever coupled to the substrate and positioned proximate to the magnet, the cantilever coupled to a magnetic material, and a conductor coupled to the substrate, the conductor conducting a current that induces a first torque in the cantilever.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an circuit and a latching micromagnetic switch that controls energy flow through the circuit. The latching micromagnetic switch includes a cantilever, a permanent magnet, and a coil configured to latch the latching micromagnetic switch in one of two positions each time energy passes through the coil. The electrical device and the latching micromagnetic switch can be integrated on a same substrate. Otherwise, the electrical device and the latching micromagnetic switch can be located on separate substrates and coupled together. The circuit can be a transistor or an array of transistors connected in parallel. If the circuit is an array of transistors, there can be an array of the switches, where each one of the switches is coupled to a corresponding one of the transistors. The switches are coupled to at least one of a source, drain, or gate of the corresponding transistor.

Abstract: A system and method are used to route input signals from an input node to N output nodes. The system includes an input section that receives input signals, an output section that transmits output signals based on the input signals, and a switching section. The switching section includes switches that control transmission of the input signals from the input section to the output section.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an circuit and a latching micromagnetic switch that controls energy flow through the circuit. The latching micromagnetic switch includes a cantilever, a permanent magnet, and a coil configured to latch the latching micromagnetic switch in one of two positions each time energy passes through the coil. The electrical device and the latching micromagnetic switch can be integrated on a same substrate. Otherwise, the electrical device and the latching micromagnetic switch can be located on separate substrates and coupled together. The circuit can be a transistor or an array of transistors connected in parallel. If the circuit is an array of transistors, there can be an array of the switches, where each one of the switches is coupled to a corresponding one of the transistors. The switches are coupled to at least one of a source, drain, or gate of the corresponding transistor.

Abstract: A pulse-like heating is applied to a thin-film material having a high thermal conductivity such as a diamond thin film so that a response characteristic at this time is measured as a change in temperature of the thin film. The response characteristic reflects the thermal influence of the circumstance on the thin-film material, and depends, for example, on the flow rate of fluid. At this time, a sensor for obtaining an output depending on the fluid and the temperature of the fluid and a sensor for obtaining an output corresponding to the temperature of fluid are prepared to compare and process both the output with the result of obtaining an output which reflects the flow rate with accuracy not depending on the temperature.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus comprising a material having photoconductivity, an energy bandgap, and trap levels. The material is typified by a thin film of polycrystalline diamond. The material is illuminated with first light having photon energies smaller than the energy bandgap of the material. Then, the material is illuminated with second light having photon energies greater than the energy bandgap of the material to thereby induce a photocurrent. The amount of the first light can be known by measuring the induced photocurrent.

Abstract: An electronic device utilizing a material having: a photoconductive effect; a trap level for trapping an excited carrier; and an energy band gap, the device comprising: a means for illuminating the material with a first light, the first light having a wavelength corresponding to an energy higher than the energy band gap of the material; a means for illuminating the material with a second light, the second light having a wavelength corresponding to an energy lower than the energy band gap of the material; a means for measuring the quantity of second light transmitted through the material; and a means for obtaining information on the first light illuminated to the material from the quantity of the transmitted second light.

Abstract: To provide a flow rate sensor of minimized power consumption.Form a Fe pattern 104 and Pt pattern 103 on the surface of a diamond thin film 101 by sputtering or evaporation to construct a thermo-electromotive element. Also, form a heating unit 102. On pulsewise heating from the heating unit 102, the temperature of the junction portions 109 becomes higher than that of the junction portions 110 and an output from the thermo-electromotive element is obtained as thermo-electromotive force between the electrodes 107 and 108. This output indicates a response characteristic reflecting the thermal effect exerted from the environment on the diamond thin film. From this output, for example, the flow rate of a fluid flowing in contact with the diamond thin film 101 can be obtained.

Abstract: Method of fabricating a device made of a thin diamond film having a thickness of less than 10 .mu.m which is difficult to handle. The method is initiated by forming a thin diamond film on a silicon substrate to a thickness of about 5 .mu.m by chemical vapor deposition. Then, paraffin is applied. The substrate is removed with hydrofluoric acid. Thus, the diamond film is retained on the paraffin that is made to act as a base. A required circuit is formed on the surface of the diamond film. Finally, the paraffin is removed. In this way, a device using the diamond film is completed. This structure can be used as a device for measuring thermal effect, using a thin diamond film. For example, the structure can be used for fabrication of a flowsensor.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus comprising a material having photoconductivity, an energy bandgap, and trap levels. The material is typified by a thin film of polycrystalline diamond. The material is illuminated with a first electromagnetic emission, (which may include visible light, ultraviolet light, gamma rays, or x-rays) having photon energies smaller than the energy bandgap of the material. Then, the material is illuminated with a second electromagnetic emission having photon energies greater than the energy bandgap of the material to thereby induce a photocurrent. The amount of the first emission can be known by measuring the induced photocurrent.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus comprising a material having a photoconductivity, an energy bandgap, and trap levels. The material is typified by a thin film of polycrystalline diamond. The material is illuminated with a first light having photon energies greater than the energy bandgap of the material. Then, the material is illuminated with a second light having photon energies smaller than the energy bandgap of the material to thereby induce a photocurrent. The amount of the first light can be known by measuring the induced photocurrent.

Abstract: An electronic device comprising a diamond illuminated with ultraviolet radiation, a light source for illuminating the diamond with visible light, and a means for measuring a photocurrent induced in the diamond. The ultraviolet radiation has wavelengths shorter than about 230 nm corresponding to the energy bandgap of the diamond and is made to impinge on the diamond. Then, the light which has wavelengths longer than about 230 nm is made to impinge on the diamond. The photocurrent induced in the diamond is measured. In this way, the amount of the previously emitted ultraviolet radiation having wavelengths shorter than about 230 nm is known. Although the diamond is a primary substance to be illuminated, the substance to be illuminated comprises a material selected from a group consisting of diamond, boron nitride, aluminum nitride and a multi-layer thereof.