Abstract: Techniques are described for managing connection states at an active network appliance and a backup network appliance. The active network appliance and backup network appliance are configured to process connections in a software defined network (SDN). The active network appliance is configured to actively process connections, and the backup network appliance maintains connection states such that the backup network appliance can actively process connections in response to a failure of the active network appliance.

Abstract: A composite electrode includes a polypyrrole matrix, and metal nanoparticles coupled to the polypyrrole matrix. Assessing the presence of an analyte includes placing the composite electrode in a solution to be tested for the analyte, applying an electrical current to the electrode, and assessing the presence of an oxidation peak at a predetermined voltage with respect to a reference electrode. The presence of the oxidation peak at the predetermined voltage indicates the presence of the analyte. Fabricating the composite electrode includes electropolymerizing a polypyrrole matrix onto a metal substrate, separating the polypyrrole matrix from the metal substrate, and electrodepositing the metal nanoparticles onto the polypyrrole matrix to yield the electrode.

Abstract: An electrode includes an electrically conductive substrate with a coating containing boron-doped diamond (BDD) nanoparticles. Fabricating the electrode can include dispersing BDD nanoparticles in a solvent to yield a suspension, coating a conductive substrate with the suspension, and drying the suspension to yield the electrode. In some cases, fabricating the electrode includes combining BDD nanoparticles with a polymeric resin precursor to yield a mixture including a metal oxide, coating a conductive substrate with the mixture to yield a coated substrate, and calcining the coated substrate to yield a metal oxide coating including BDD nanoparticles.

Abstract: An electrode includes an electrically conductive substrate with a coating containing boron-doped diamond (BDD) nanoparticles. Fabricating the electrode can include dispersing BDD nanoparticles in a solvent to yield a suspension, coating a conductive substrate with the suspension, and drying the suspension to yield the electrode. In some cases, fabricating the electrode includes combining BDD nanoparticles with a polymeric resin precursor to yield a mixture including a metal oxide, coating a conductive substrate with the mixture to yield a coated substrate, and calcining the coated substrate to yield a metal oxide coating including BDD nanoparticles.

Abstract: An electrode includes an electrically conductive substrate with a coating containing boron-doped diamond (BDD) nanoparticles. Fabricating the electrode can include dispersing BDD nanoparticles in a solvent to yield a suspension, coating a conductive substrate with the suspension, and drying the suspension to yield the electrode. In some cases, fabricating the electrode includes combining BDD nanoparticles with a polymeric resin precursor to yield a mixture including a metal oxide, coating a conductive substrate with the mixture to yield a coated substrate, and calcining the coated substrate to yield a metal oxide coating including BDD nanoparticles.