Abstract: A portable multi-functional electrochemical biosensor system includes a plurality of sample cells, pluggable information memories and a multi-functional signal analysis processor. The biosensor system uses a set of sample cell and pluggable information memory to detect the concentration of a corresponding selected analyte. Each sample cell has a reaction zone on which a chemical substance is placed to react with the corresponding analyte and has at least two independent electrodes. During detection, each corresponding pluggable information memory can provide parameters used for analysis. The multi-functional signal analysis processor has a microprocessor, an electrically erasable programmable read/write memory and an environmental temperature sensor. The concentration of the selected analyte is calculated by using the electrochemical reaction signal output from the sample cell and the parameters with cooperation of the environmental temperature sensor, and then an analysis result is output.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical coupling system having first and second back-to-back GRIN lenses each having an input and an output end face, an optical filter element disposed between the first and second back-to-back GRIN lenses, an input optical fiber tube having two optical fibers therein adjacent to and optically coupled with the first of the back-to-back GRIN lenses, an output optical fiber tube having an optical fiber therein adjacent to and optically coupled with the second of the back-to-back GRIN lenses, wherein an inwardly facing end face of the output optical fiber tube and the output end face of the second of the back-to-back GRIN lenses are non-parallel to each other for reducing coupling losses. The optical coupling system is supported in glass holding tubes.

Abstract: A testing apparatus that comprises an electrical device. A first circuit is in electrical communication with the electrical device. The first circuit including an amplifier. First and second couplers are electrically connected to the first circuit and arranged in series with the amplifier. The amplifier is positioned between the first and second couplers. A second circuit has a first end in electrical communication with the first coupler and a second end in electrical communication with the second coupler. The total gain of the first coupler, the second coupler, the portion of the first circuit between the first and second couplers, and the second circuit is approximately zero.

Abstract: A redundant balanced amplifying apparatus. The apparatus comprises a signal path. A portion of the signal path is split into a first and second sets of signal branches. The first and second sets of signal branches are parallel. A plurality of amplifiers are arranged so that each signal branch within the first and second sets of signal branches flows through at least one amplifier. A first set of switches are arranged to selectively shunt signal branches within the first set of signal branches. The first set of switches have at least one switch. A second set of switches are arranged to selectively shunt signal branches within the second set of signal branches. The second set of switches have at least one switch.