Abstract: A new approach is described based on reciprocity for estimating acquisition-related effects, which has several advantages over conventional surface-consistent processing techniques: (i) It can be applied to complete recordings, hence does not require the isolation of primary reflections in the data, (ii) no assumptions are imposed on the subsurface, and (iii) it is applicable to multi-component data. The application of reciprocity requires symmetric data acquisition, i.e. identical source and receiver patterns, identical locations, and the source orientations have to be identical to the receiver components. Besides reciprocity, additional constraints are required to determine the lateral source and receiver amplitude variations fully. Criteria based on minimizing total energy differences between adjacent common source and common receiver gathers, and in common offset panels of the medium response are applied.