Abstract: An assembly includes a first tube. The first tube includes a first end configured to receive a second tube. The second tube includes a first end configured to slidably translate into the first end of the first tube and to receive an insert. The insert is configured to be disposed within a first portion of the second tube that is near the first end of the second tube. The first tube, the second tube, and the insert form a seal. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the first tube is similar to the CTE of the insert and different from the CTE of the second tube.

Abstract: The present invention describes the use of an ionic liquid acid catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose into reducing sugars and other degradation products. The use of an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrolysis of cellulose provides a low volatility catalyst and eliminates the hazards associated with the handling of mineral acids. Conditions such as temperature, catalyst modification, and ionic liquid solvent control the production of reducing sugars and other products. The combination of using an ionic liquid as the solvent for cellulose and ionic liquid catalyst provides an unprecedented tunability of the reaction properties giving more control over the conversion process to produce dehydration products with higher yields depending on the desired feedstock.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of forming fibers of silk and silk-like proteins in a solution with a solvent consisting of a pure ionic liquid, an ionic liquid mixture, an ionic liquid mixed with one or more cosolvents, or an ionic liquid mixture mixed with one or more cosolvents. A solution is extruded through a spinneret orifice to form a fiber. The spinneret is either directly immersed in the coagulation bath or the spinneret is surrounded by a noncoagulating medium (i.e., air or other inert fluid) and the extruded fiber is subsequently immersed in a coagulation bath. Fibers may also be formed by extruding a fiber directly from a reservoir of solution into a noncoagulating, inert medium and then immersing the extruded fibers into a coagulation bath to rinse the fiber of ionic liquid.

Abstract: Silk is dissolved in an ionic liquid and is regenerated in a range of structural forms without requiring the use of harmful solvents. Silk solubility can be controlled by the selection of the ionic liquid constituents, with small cations and halide or pseudohalide anions favoring solution. The rinse solvent exercises a significant influence over the final properties of the regenerated silk.