Abstract: Processes and apparatus are described for removing impurities from solid biomass while preserving hydrogen and carbon content. Examples are provided of processes using acidified aqueous solutions in a countercurrent extraction process that includes the pneumatic transport of slurries between process units, or a mechanical dewatering step, or both, to produce a washed biomass suitable for various upgrading and conversion processes. Compositions related to the processes are also described.

Abstract: A preform includes a closed lower portion; a sidewall portion extending upwardly from the closed lower portion; an upper neck portion extending upwardly from the sidewall portion; and an insert ring. In embodiments, a portion of the upper neck portion is formed around at least a portion of the insert ring. Further, with embodiments, the insert ring may be multi-layered, and may include a first layer including a polymer, and a second layer including an additional material. Embodiments of such preforms may be molded into various forms of plastic containers.