Abstract: A tandem electron multiplier device includes an input end position electron multiplier generating an electron emission; an output end position electron multiplier receiving the electron emission and generating an output electron emission; an electron collector to receive the output electron emission; a power supply; and an electrical biasing network coupled to the power supply, the electrical biasing network supplying voltages to connections at the input end position electron multiplier and the output end position electron multiplier, the voltages supplied to provide output current linearly with respect to input current across the tandem electron multiplier device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a switching power supply having a protection device to shut down the supply of the output voltage in the presence of a fault condition such as an overload. The invention identifies potential fault conditions when the voltage control feedback loop is out of regulation and screens out false fault conditions during periods when the duty cycle of the control signal is below a specified duty cycle limit. The invention further shuts down the supply of the output voltage when the bulk line voltage provided to the power supply is below a specified limit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a switching power supply having a protection device to shutdown the supply of the output voltage and a circuit for providing a trickle voltage while the power supply is shutdown. The power supply is shutdown by lowering the primary bias voltage, the voltage which powers the internal components of the power supply, to a value which disables the production of the output voltage. However, the primary bias voltage is not reduced to ground. Various circuits and devices, such as a restart circuit, may then be powered by the trickle voltage while the power supply is shutdown.