Abstract: A voltage regulator is disclosed for a photovoltaic panel (PVP) battery cging system having a relay switch in series with a reverse current blocking diode disposed between the positive terminals of the photovoltaic panel and the battery to be charged. A variable resistor is wired in series with the coil of the relay in such manner that the voltage drop across the combination will equal the potential difference across the terminals of the battery being charged at a point in time when the normally closed relay switch will be caused to open to discontinue further charging of the battery and prevent overcharge. The reverse current blocking diode is customarily provided to prevent discharge of the battery through the PVP at night.

Abstract: A composite insulated wall includes a pair of outer poured concrete layers cured in a form and an organic or inorganic insulating panel or panels disposed between the concrete layers and retained in place by a number of lateral tie-rods extending through the insulating panel and into the concrete.