Abstract: Embodiments are directed to stateless communication using a stateful protocol. One or more NTMAs may establish a connection with a client computer based on data exchanged with a the client computer using the stateful protocol. The exchanged data may include validation information provided by the one or more NTMAs. The exchanged data and other information associated with the connection may be discarded from one or more memories of the one or more NTMAs. A network packet communicated over the network using the stateful protocol may be obtained. Verification information and candidate validation information may be generated based on one or more characteristics of the network packet. The network packet may be validated based on a comparison of the verification information and the candidate validation information. A reply that adheres to the stateful protocol may be provided to the client computer based on the validated network packet.

Abstract: Technology related to processing network packets with returnable values is disclosed. In one example, a method includes intercepting a Domain Name System (DNS) request including returnable request values in respective request packet fields. A hash function can be used to characterize or modify the intercepted returnable request values. The intercepted DNS request can be forwarded to a DNS server. A DNS response including returnable response values in respective response packet fields can be received. The returnable response values and the hash function can be used to determine whether the DNS response is legitimate. A legitimate DNS response can be forwarded to a client.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to stateless communication using a stateful protocol. One or more NTMAs may establish a connection with a client computer based on data exchanged with a the client computer using the stateful protocol. The exchanged data may include validation information provided by the one or more NTMAs. The exchanged data and other information associated with the connection may be discarded from one or more memories of the one or more NTMAs. A network packet communicated over the network using the stateful protocol may be obtained. Verification information and candidate validation information may be generated based on one or more characteristics of the network packet. The network packet may be validated based on a comparison of the verification information and the candidate validation information. A reply that adheres to the stateful protocol may be provided to the client computer based on the validated network packet.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed towards managing name service communications. A name service device may be arranged to employ a hardware domain name service (DNS) processor to receive a name service query. The hardware DNS processor may perform operations on the name service query. If operations performed by the hardware DNS processor do not resolve the name service query, further operations may be performed. The name service device may be arranged to provide a name service reply that includes the answer to the name service query. And, the name service device may be arranged to send the name service reply back to the hardware DNS processor. Accordingly, the hardware DNS processor on the name service device may send the name service reply that includes at least an answer to the name service query to the requesting computers.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed towards managing name service communications. A name service device may be arranged to employ a hardware domain name service (DNS) processor to receive a name service query. The hardware DNS processor may perform operations on the name service query. If operations performed by the hardware DNS processor do not resolve the name service query, further operations may be performed. The name service device may be arranged to provide a name service reply that includes the answer to the name service query. And, the name service device may be arranged to send the name service reply back to the hardware DNS processor. Accordingly, the hardware DNS processor on the name service device may send the name service reply that includes at least an answer to the name service query to the requesting computers.