Abstract: A detector is provided for forming images by detecting electrons in an electron microscope at energies in the range of 3 keV to 300 keV, more specifically in the range of 40 keV to 120 keV with very high spatial resolution and sensitivity. The detector is formed by bonding a handling wafer to the front side of a planarized monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS), partially or completely removing the substrate layer on the back side and selectively removing the handling material from the front side to leave a periphery of handling material in the non-image forming area. The detector may be mounted in an electron microscope for back side illumination. The detector provides high resolution images at low-energies due to back side illumination and at higher energies due to a decreased epitaxial layer thickness and the absence of any backscattering substrate material.

Abstract: A method of, and a detector for, performing energy sensitive imaging of ionizing radiation are provided, including acquiring a first frame having a plurality of pixels, each pixel of the plurality having an energy of detection and a location; grouping, into a cluster, pixels of the plurality having an energy of detection above a predetermined threshold and a location along with at least one other pixel also having an energy of detection above the predetermined threshold and being within a predetermined distance of the location; summing the energy of detection of all pixels within the grouped cluster to determine a cluster energy; determining a location of the cluster based on a distribution and an intensity of the summed energy of detection; and generating an image of the cluster based on the determined cluster energy and the determined location of the cluster.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to transmission electron microscopy for evaluation of biological matter. According to an embodiment, the present disclosure further relates to an apparatus for determining the structure and/or elemental composition of a sample using 4D STEM, comprising a direct bombardment detector operating with global shutter readout, processing circuitry configured to acquire images of bright-field disks using either a contiguous array or non-contiguous array of detector pixel elements, correct distortions in the images, align each image of the images based on a centroid of the bright-field disk, calculate a radial profile of the images, normalize the radial profiles by a scaling factor, calculate the rotationally-averaged edge profile of the bright-field disk, and determine elemental composition within the specimen based on the characteristics of the edge profile of the bright-field disk corresponding to each specimen location.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and methods for generating a hybrid image by high-dynamic-range counting. In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a processing circuitry configured to acquire an image from a pixelated detector, obtain a sparsity map of the acquired image, the sparsity map indicating low-flux regions of the acquired image and high-flux regions of the acquired image, generate a low-flux image and a high-flux image based on the sparsity map, perform event analysis of the acquired image based on the low-flux image and the high-flux image, the event analysis including detecting, within the low-flux image, incident events by an event counting mode, multiply, by a normalization constant, resulting intensities of the high-flux image and the detected incident events of the low-flux image, and generate the hybrid image by merging the low-flux image and the high-flux image.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to transmission electron microscopy for evaluation of biological matter. According to an embodiment, the present disclosure further relates to an apparatus for determining the structure and/or elemental composition of a sample using 4D STEM, comprising a direct bombardment detector operating with global shutter readout, processing circuitry configured to acquire images of bright-field disks using either a contiguous array or non-contiguous array of detector pixel elements, correct distortions in the images, align each image of the images based on a centroid of the bright-field disk, calculate a radial profile of the images, normalize the radial profiles by a scaling factor, calculate the rotationally-averaged edge profile of the bright-field disk, and determine elemental composition within the specimen based on the characteristics of the edge profile of the bright-field disk corresponding to each specimen location.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and methods for generating a hybrid image by high-dynamic-range counting. In an embodiment, the apparatus includes a processing circuitry configured to acquire an image from a pixelated detector, obtain a sparsity map of the acquired image, the sparsity map indicating low-flux regions of the acquired image and high-flux regions of the acquired image, generate a low-flux image and a high-flux image based on the sparsity map, perform event analysis of the acquired image based on the low-flux image and the high-flux image, the event analysis including detecting, within the low-flux image, incident events by an event counting mode, multiply, by a normalization constant, resulting intensities of the high-flux image and the detected incident events of the low-flux image, and generate the hybrid image by merging the low-flux image and the high-flux image.

Abstract: An imaging system for detecting one or more events in a pixel array. The imaging system comprises the pixel array and a processing area adjacent to the pixel array. The imaging system is configured to transfer the pixel information of a subgroup of pixels to the processing area and the processing area is configured to process the event information.

Abstract: An imaging system for detecting one or more events in a pixel array. The imaging system comprises the pixel array and a processing area adjacent to the pixel array. The imaging system is configured to transfer the pixel information of a subgroup of pixels to the processing area and the processing area is configured to process the event information.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of making a polarizing plate comprising providing a polarizing film; coating the polarizing film with at least two coating solutions using a multilayer coating method; and drying the coating solutions to form an optical film or an optical film stack.