Abstract: A braking system including a torque tube and a rotor-stator stack, wherein the torque tube at least partially deforms during braking. The torque tube includes a passage formed in therein, and a displacement sensor is placed with the passage, wherein the displacement sensor detects deformation of the torque tube. The signal can be used as a measure of actual braking torque applied to the one or more wheels.

Abstract: An electric brake comprises an actuator module including a module housing, a reciprocating ram, and an electric motor operatively connected to the reciprocating ram for selectively extending and retracting the reciprocating ram with respect to the module housing. The ram has an inner portion of non-circular cross-section and an outer portion of circular cross-sectional, and the housing has a guideway for the ram, which guideway has an inner portion of non-circular cross-section for interacting with the inner portion of the ram to prevent rotation of the inner portion of the ram, and an outer portion of circular cross-sectional. The actuator module can be equipped with a bi-stable holding brake having a first state permitting at least retraction of the ram and a second state preventing at least retraction of the ram.