Abstract: Methods and compositions for decentralized systems for mitigating climate change are provided. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise: one or more first servers operable to store a plurality of first tokens, wherein each one of the plurality of first tokens is associated with fiscal value; one or more second servers operable to store a plurality of second tokens, wherein each one of the plurality of second tokens corresponds to a unit of voting power; one or more project developer nodes operable to transmit project data corresponding to renewable energy or carbon sequestration; one or more auditor nodes operable to verify an identity, validate credentials, perform a project assessment, generate a smart contract, receive signals, and transmit signals; and one or more steward nodes, wherein each one of the one or more steward nodes is operable to stake tokens for voting power and to distribute voting power.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for decentralized systems for mitigating climate change are provided. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise: one or more first servers operable to store a plurality of first tokens, wherein each one of the plurality of first tokens is associated with fiscal value; one or more second servers operable to store a plurality of second tokens, wherein each one of the plurality of second tokens corresponds to a unit of voting power; one or more project developer nodes operable to transmit project data corresponding to renewable energy or carbon sequestration; one or more auditor nodes operable to verify an identity, validate credentials, perform a project assessment, generate a smart contract, receive signals, and transmit signals; and one or more steward nodes, wherein each one of the one or more steward nodes is operable to stake tokens for voting power and to distribute voting power.

Abstract: A system includes an energy storage device geographically proximate a plurality of load centers. The energy storage device is coupled to one or more of the plurality of load centers for supplying energy to the load centers and is also coupled to an energy generation source for receiving energy from the energy generation source. The system also includes a control system that is operable to receive energy market data, monitor the plurality of load centers, the energy storage device, and the energy generation source, and control the charging and dispatching of the energy storage device based on the monitoring and the energy market data.

Abstract: A system includes an energy storage device geographically proximate a plurality of load centers. The energy storage device is coupled to one or more of the plurality of load centers for supplying energy to the load centers and is also coupled to an energy generation source for receiving energy from the energy generation source. The system also includes a control system that is operable to receive energy market data, monitor the plurality of load centers, the energy storage device, and the energy generation source, and control the charging and dispatching of the energy storage device based on the monitoring and the energy market data.

Abstract: A system includes an energy storage device geographically proximate a plurality of load centers. The energy storage device is coupled to one or more of the plurality of load centers for supplying energy to the load centers and is also coupled to an energy generation source for receiving energy from the energy generation source. The system also includes a control system that is operable to receive energy market data, monitor the plurality of load centers, the energy storage device, and the energy generation source, and control the charging and dispatching of the energy storage device based on the monitoring and the energy market data.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer disposed between two electrodes, the active layer having perovskite material and other material such as mesoporous material, interfacial layers, thin-coat interfacial layers, and combinations thereof. The perovskite material may be photoactive. The perovskite material may be disposed between two or more other materials in the photovoltaic device. Inclusion of these materials in various arrangements within an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: additional perovskites, and additional interfacial layers.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Methods for designing such photoactive compositions may include selecting a core moiety; selecting an electron-withdrawing moiety to add to the core moiety in order to modify the composition's electronic properties; selecting a primary electron donor moiety to be added in order to further modify the composition's electronic properties; selecting a second electron donor moiety to be added in order to modify the composition's electronic properties even further, if necessary; and synthesizing the designed composition.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer having perovskite material and copper-oxide or other metal-oxide charge transport material. Such charge transport material may be disposed adjacent to the perovskite material such that the two are adjacent and/or in contact. Inclusion of both materials in an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: one or more interfacial layers, one or more mesoporous layers, and one or more dyes.

Abstract: A photovoltaic cell of improved construction may include an active layer comprising first and second active material, and a dye. Either of the first and second active material may include a copper-oxide compound. The active layer may further include a thin-coat interfacial layer, which may coat at least a portion of either of the first and second active material. The dye may include a primary electron donor moiety, a core moiety, and an electron-withdrawing moiety.

Abstract: Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells, hybrid solar cell-batteries, and other such devices may include an active layer having perovskite material and copper-oxide or other metal-oxide charge transport material. Such charge transport material may be disposed adjacent to the perovskite material such that the two are adjacent and/or in contact. Inclusion of both materials in an active layer of a photovoltaic device may improve device performance. Other materials may be included to further improve device performance, such as, for example: one or more interfacial layers, one or more mesoporous layers, and one or more dyes.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Applications of such photoactive compositions of matter may include use in photovoltaic cells (e.g., as a p- or n-type material of the active layer of some photovoltaic cells, or as a dye to be employed in other photovoltaic cells); batteries, field-effect transistors; and light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Applications of such photoactive compositions of matter may include use in photovoltaic cells (e.g., as a p- or n-type material of the active layer of some photovoltaic cells, or as a dye to be employed in other photovoltaic cells); batteries, field-effect transistors; and light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Applications of such photoactive compositions of matter may include use in photovoltaic cells (e.g., as a p- or n-type material of the active layer of some photovoltaic cells, or as a dye to be employed in other photovoltaic cells); batteries, field-effect transistors; and light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Methods for designing such photoactive compositions may include selecting a core moiety; selecting an electron-withdrawing moiety to add to the core moiety in order to modify the composition's electronic properties; selecting a primary electron donor moiety to be added in order to further modify the composition's electronic properties; selecting a second electron donor moiety to be added in order to modify the composition's electronic properties even further, if necessary; and synthesizing the designed composition.

Abstract: Photoactive compositions of matter, methods for their design and synthesis, and various applications of such compositions of matter are disclosed. Such photoactive compositions may, for example, include any one or more of the following: a core moiety; a primary electron donor moiety; an electron-withdrawing moiety; and an alkyl tail. Some photoactive compositions may further include multiple additional electron donor moieties, electron-withdrawing moieties, and alkyl tails. Applications of such photoactive compositions of matter may include use in photovoltaic cells (e.g., as a p- or n-type material of the active layer of some photovoltaic cells, or as a dye to be employed in other photovoltaic cells); batteries, field-effect transistors; and light-emitting diodes.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described using asphaltene and its derivatives as semi-conducting materials in photovoltaic cells. Asphaltene is used in an organic PV device as either or both of a p-type material and/or n-type material. The asphaltene-based material can be treated such as by de-metalization, metal addition, extraction, fractionation, and optimization of the asphaltene material. Treatment can be selected to create an asphaltene-based material having pre-selected characteristics, such as absorption value, reflectance, index of refraction, band gap, etc. The asphaltene-based materials can be blended or otherwise combined with inorganic or non-asphaltene organic materials. Further, asphaltene material can be used as an interfacial layer in the PV device.

Abstract: An FPU configured to operate in normal and fast modes. In normal mode, floating point instructions are stalled in an address calculation unit of the processor until the previously issued floating point instruction has cleared the FPU, thereby indicating that the previous floating point instruction will not have an exception. In fast mode, the address calculation unit will issue a next floating point instruction to the FPU, where it is held in a 4-deep instruction queue, regardless of whether a prior instruction has cleared. By eliminating stalls in the instruction execution pipeline caused by floating point instructions being held in the address calculation unit pending clearance of the prior floating point instruction, the instruction execution pipeline may issue floating point instructions to the FPU at a faster rate.

Abstract: A method of detecting anomalous overflow conditions is used, in an exemplary embodiment, in implementing in a 486-type microprocessor, nonrestoring two's complement division for negative quotients using 2n bit dividends and n bit divisors. Each interative division step, an adder/subtractor is used to add/subtract the properly aligned divisor to/from the left shifted dividend, to produce a partial remainder and a carry out bit Cout. Complement Cout is assumed to be the same as the most significant bit of the partial remainder PR(MSB), such that PR(MSB) is used as the sign bit in further computations, with complement Cout being used to control quotient generation according to DVRS XOR Cout. The anomalous overflow test signals overflow when complement Cout is the different than the most significant bit of the first partial remainder PR1(MSB), such that the anomalous overflow test is implemented according to the logic equation: Cout XNOR PR1(MSB).

Abstract: A scan test architecture includes first and second serial scan paths for transferring test data to and from an integrated circuit's logic. A first clock controls transfer of information on the first scan path and a second clock controls transfer of data on the second scan path. The first and second clocks are alternately enabled by a control signal initiated under program control of the external test system.

Abstract: A coprocessor 18 comprises a bus controller 24 which further comprises a primary bus controller 28 and a secondary bus controller 30 that drive a floating point processor core 26. The primary bus controller 28 comprises a memory mapped bus interface 32 for processing memory mapped format instructions and an I/O bus interface 34 for processing conventional I/O format instructions. The primary bus controller 28 remains essentially transparent for execution of I/O format instructions and translates memory mapped format instructions into sequential bus cycles compatible to an I/O bus interface for processing conventional I/O format instructions, and for execution by the floating point processor core.