Abstract: Embodiments may provide photobioreactor system such as a vertical growth enhancing mixing spectrum photobioreactor (1) including but not limited to at least one downcomer tower (22) having spiral impressions (211), an upcomer tower (21), an algae-fluid input (10), an algae downward fluid flow (25) in a downcomer tower; a gas input (18) to drive a system flow (250), a gas upward flow (20) in a upcomer tower; a carbon dioxide gas input (27) having a lower mass flow of carbon dioxide than a mass flow in an upcomer tower, a carbon dioxide gas upward flow (26) in a downcomer tower; a counterflow (230) created with the algae downward fluid flow and carbon dioxide gas upward flow; and perhaps even a collection tank (64) for dewatered algae. Each photobioreactor system may be connected to provide a plurality of photobioreactor systems of which can be automatically controlled.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention may provide fluid flow coordinators, passive flow field modifiers, or even inwardly protruding helical spines which can be used in continuous, scalable, low energy usage, bioreactor systems perhaps to provide optimal mixing of microorganisms with nutrients, gases, or the like or even to move microorganisms, such as algae, in and out of light for effective and optimal growth.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention may provide fluid flow coordinators, passive flow field modifiers, or even inwardly protruding helical spines which can be used in continuous, scalable, low energy usage, bioreactor systems perhaps to provide optimal mixing of microorganisms with nutrients, gases, or the like or even to move microorganisms, such as algae, in and out of light for effective and optimal growth.

Abstract: Rearward facing microsteps (11, 12, 20, 21) are provided in a wall surface (10, 10a, 10b, 19, 19a, 19b) to reduce shear friction drag caused by wall surface bounded turbulent shear flows. Microsteps combined with phased tangential flow injection adjacent the microsteps are also described. These reduce the drag caused by eddy currents. The surface is useful in any setting where turbulent flow occurs to create eddy currents such as airplanes, boats, vehicles, conduits and the like.