Abstract: Apparatus and methods to mount solar panels in a way that the panels are supported from the rear side by spacer elements termed RailPads and RoofPads are provided. These spacer elements press upon the rear side of the panel to displace regions of the panel away from the mounting structure. The support provided by the spacer elements reduces downward panel deflection from wind, snow, and other loads, thus minimizing tensile stress in the cells and thus minimizing solar cell crack formation and propagation. The upward bow in the panel places cells in a state of protective compressive stress.

Abstract: A furnace for growing a ribbon crystal has a channel for growing a ribbon crystal at a given rate in a given direction, and a separating mechanism for separating a portion from the growing ribbon crystal. At least a part of the separating mechanism moves at about the given rate and in about the given direction while separating the portion from the growing ribbon crystal.