Abstract: An automotive fuel injector having a fluorine-coating amphorous hydronated carbon film coating to resist the formation of carbonaceous deposits thereon. The fluorine-coating amphorous hydronated carbon film is made in part form trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane. The coating helps the fuel injector resist coking or the growth of hard carbonaceous deposits. This reduction in coking and deposits improves the fuel economy and engine performance.

Abstract: An electrospray adapted fuel injection valve includes an anode and cathode to inject monopolar electric charge into electrically insulating fuel. On exiting the injector, the charge containing fuel atomizes and disperses to reduce electrostatic energy. Additional electrodes with an appropriate method of biasing extend the range of applicability of the process by adjusting space charge distribution within the injector to compensate for variability in component manufacture and variability in the electrical conductivity of the fuel.

Abstract: A fuel injection system used in the intake air passageway of an internal combustion engine has a strategy for reducing cold start hydrocarbon emissions. The fuel injector has an actuator which allows the fuel spray pattern to be varied from one which is widely dispersed and atomized to one which is only weakly dispersed. A strategy for varying the spray pattern during the engine warm-up period after cold start is disclosed. The strategy increases evaporation within the passageway so that cold start overfuelling and attendant hydrocarbon emissions are reduced.