Abstract: A first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may trigger a proximity services (ProSe) discovery procedure indicating an application operation mode and/or ProSe capabilities. The first WTRU may discover artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) application assistance services. The Prose capabilities may include one or more AIML application assistance services associated with at least one of data storage, data processing, and/or data aggregation at one or more peer WTRUs and/or relay WTRUs. The first WTRU may generate discovery codes based on the AIML application assistance services indicated by the peer WTRUs and/or relay WTRUs during the ProSe discovery procedure. The first WTRU may select a second WTRU from the peer WTRU(s) and/or relay WTRU(s) based on the discovery codes. The first WTRU may trigger ProSe direct communications with the selected second WTRU to enable the first WTRU to connect to the second WTRU for providing the one or more AIML application assistance services.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for integrating a constrained MEC host in a MEC system are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, the WTRU may obtain information indicating at least one multi-access edge computing (MEC) resource available for integration by a MEC system, wherein the MEC system supports a plurality of types of MEC resources available for integration, and wherein the at least one MEC resource is a subset of the plurality of types of MEC resources supported by the MEC system; may transmit to the MEC system, information indicating at least one MEC resource, to be integrated by the MEC system, from the at least one MEC resource available for integration by the MEC system; and may receive from the MEC system, information indicating an integration by the MEC system of the at least one indicated MEC resource.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided for enabling a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to participate in multi-access edge computing (MEC) services. The WTRU may be a constrained WTRU, for example, in terms of computation, storage, and/or networking resources available to the WTRU. A function may be implemented on the WTRU to expose an interface to a MEC application on the WTRU, through which the MEC application may register with a network device such as an MEC host located at the edge of a mobile communication network and join an MEC service provided by the MEC host. A transport may be established between the WTRU and the MEC host to facilitate provision of the MEC service, and the transport may be modified and/or deleted, for example, based on mobility events at the WTRU and/or load conditions of the WTRU.

Abstract: A network node may receive a message. The message may include PQC key, for example from a second network node. The network node may determine, for example based on the PQC key, a master shared secret key (MSSK), and/or encapsulate the MSSK into a ciphertext. The network node may send the ciphertext comprising the MSSK, for example to the second network node. The network node may determine, for example based on the MSSK, a second key. The network node may establish and/or modify, for example based on the second key, a secure E2E connection with the second network node for communications. The network node may determine to use the MSSK as a pre-shared key (PSK). The network node may establish and/or modify a communication protocol with the second network node, for example using the PSK.

Abstract: A method may be implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), including sending, to a network, a protocol data unit (PDU) session establishment request, which may include an indication of a network function (NF) intent and security requirements. NF-specific security policies (NFSSPs) may be received from the network in response to the PDU session establishment request. The NFSSPs may be associated with a target NF instance. The NFSSPs may be determined to be valid NFSSPs based on a signature associated with each of the NFSSPs. Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms may be determined based on the valid NFSSPs or WTRU context information. End-to-end communication may be performed with the target NF instance based on the valid NFSSPs using the PQC algorithms. A security monitoring report may be sent to the network and may be based on a WTRU security monitoring report policy for each of the valid NFSSPs.

Abstract: A method performed by a NF may comprise: receiving, from a TSR sender, a first request message including a TSRP of a task, wherein the task include one or more TSRs for processing by one or more TPs and wherein the TSRP indicates a TL-TR needed for processing the one or more TSRs; determining one or more candidate TPs; transmitting, to the one or more candidate TPs, a second request message including a request to process the one or more TSRs; receiving, from at least one of the one or more candidate TPs, a first response message including a TSR-PWP and a trust declaration; based on one or more trust declarations associated with the one or more candidate TPs, determining a FTPG; determining, based on the FTPG, one or more TSR sending policies; and transmitting, to the TSR sender, the one or more TSR sending policies.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise a processor that is configured to receive a PDU session establishment request from a WTRU within a CPN. The processor may be configured forward the PDU session establishment request message via an established PDU session of a gateway associated with the CPN. The processor may be configured to receive, from a SMF, a L-UPF associated with the CPN based on at least one of the PDU session establishment request message or one or more capabilities associated with the gateway. The processor may be configured to establish a session between the WTRU and the L-UPF through the established PDU session.

Abstract: Procedures, apparatuses, and computer program products that leverage direct links to improve FL training processes in wireless networks are provided. One method may include sending, to a network node, a request for other WTRU(s) to serve as a relay WTRU for the first WTRU, and receiving information on one or more candidate relay WTRUs in proximity of the first WTRU. Based at least on the received information, the method may include selecting at least one of the candidate relay WTRUs to serve as the relay WTRU, performing a discovery procedure with the selected relay WTRU(s), sending a direct communication request to the selected relay WTRU(s), performing the current local training round to generate a new local model update, and sending, to the selected relay WTRU(s), at least a portion of the new local model update and/or an identifier of a FL task associated with the new local model update.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may send a request associated with multi-access edge computing (MEC) host integration. The request may comprise security credentials and/or an indication that the WTRU intends to join a MEC system. The WTRU may receive a response. The response may indicate host integration options supported by the MEC system. The WTRU may select one or more host integration options indicated in the response based on one or more capabilities associated with the WTRU. The WTRU may send a notification to the MEC system. The notification may indicate the one or more selected host integration options. The WTRU may be a constrained MEC host. The request, response, and/or notification may be sent/received to/from an Operations Support System (OSS). The request, response, and/or notification may also be sent/received to/from a MEC orchestrator (MEO).

Abstract: An association and authentication medium access control (aaMAC) address is assigned a station (STA) during association with an AP. STAs communicate initially using the aaMAC address and may communicate subsequently using over-the-air MAC (otaMAC) addresses to maintain anonymity. Filtering techniques may be used to associate frames with active aaMAC addresses with temporary otaMAC addresses that are exchanged between nodes using Active MAC Address Set Request and Response frames. A STA sends a frame to a node (e.g., STA2) using an association and aaMAC address associated with the STA and sends a first active MAC address set request to the node including an otaMAC address for wireless transmissions from the STA. The reciprocal process is performed by STA2, and subsequent communications may be exchanged between STAs using the otaMAC addresses and/or the aaMAC addresses randomly to enhance privacy.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to a method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) for service continuity during an application context relocation (ACR) procedure. The method includes determining, by the WTRU, one or more local area data network (LADN) data network names (DNNs) that require service continuity. The method additionally includes indicating, to a network by the WTRU, the LADN DNNs that require service continuity. The network is configured to use the list to maintain a protocol data unit (PDU) session toward a source LADN DNN, after the WTRU leaves a service area of a source LADN, while ACR is being executed and release the PDU session when the ACR is complete.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may send a roaming request to a network. The network may be a visited network. The roaming request may comprise an address associated with a WTRU roaming proof transaction. The WTRU may receive an authentication vector that depends on an authentication policy described in the WTRU roaming proof transaction. The WTRU may generate an authentication response based on the authentication policy. The WTRU may send the authentication response to the network. The WTRU may receive a notification from the network. The notification may indicate whether the roaming request has been successful.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and procedures are disclosed herein for handling of network functions (NFs) deployed in a customer premise network (CPN) in wireless communications. For example, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to send, to an access and mobility management function (AMF), a first registration message indicating a request for the AMF to proxy register a network function (NF) or an NF group associated with the WTRU. The WTRU is further configured to receive, from the AMF, a second registration message indicating proxy registration information based on the first registration message, and send, to the AMF, a message indicating NF profile information of the NF or the NF group associated with the WTRU.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to: receive trust management function (TMF) configuration information comprising at least one identifier of at least one external TMF (eTMF); send a first request message to a first network node comprising a first service identification; receive a second request message from a second network node comprising an identifier of the second network node and a second service identification; determine that the identifier of the second network node matches an identifier from the at least one identifier of the at least one eTMF; determine that the second service identification matches the first service identification; send a first response message to the second network node indicating permission for the second network node to expose WTRU trust information to a third network node; receive a second response message from the first network node that indicates whether the requested service in the first request message is granted.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for trust exposure in a wireless communication system. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may indicate a WTRU trust capability to a trust management function (TMF). The WTRU may create one or more WTRU trust information exposure policies and/or transmit the one or more WTRU trust information exposure policies to the TMF. The WTRU may transmit an application request to an application server (AS). The WTRU may receive a trust information exposure request from the TMF. The WTRU may approve the trust information exposure request. The WTRU may transmit a trust information exposure response to the TMF. The WTRU may receive a trust information exposure notification from the TMF. The WTRU may receive an application response from the AS.

Abstract: A function entity (FE) receives an FE trust registration request notification from a network node, including contact information of the network node. The FE sends an FE trust registration request to the network node, including contact information of external trust management functions (eTMFs), and an identifier of the FE. The FE receives an FE trust registration response from the network node, including one or more of: an identifier of an FE profile for the FE, an identifier of the eTMFs, an identifier of eTMF profiles, an association of the FE profile and the eTMF profiles, or an identifier of the network node. The FE sends an FE trust registration completion notification to a selected eTMF of the eTMFs, based on the FE trust registration response. The FE trust registration completion notification includes the identifier of the network node, an identifier of the selected eTMF, and the identifier of the FE.

Abstract: In some implementations, a WTRU may include transmitting, to a network element, a request to join a collaboration infrastructure associated with one or more activities. In addition, the WTRU may include receiving, from the network element, a request response including information indicating a proposal of a smart contract that may include responsibilities and policies associated with joining the collaboration infrastructure, and information indicating conducted tasks to be assigned by the network element. The WTRU may include transmitting, to the network element, feedback on the smart contract. Moreover, the WTRU may include receiving, from the network element, a WTRU collaboration guide indicating one or more tasks assigned to the WTRU. Also, the WTRU may include evaluating the one or more tasks assigned to the WTRU. Further, the WTRU may include transmitting, to the network element, an acknowledgement of the one or more tasks assigned to the WTRU.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to send a discovery request to an edge enabler server (EES). The discovery request may include an indication of an application client (AC) at the WTRU, an indication of a group profile associated with the AC, and AC authorization credentials. The WTRU may also receive a discovery response message. The discovery response message may include information associated with an edge application server (EAS) for the AC, and an indication that the AC is authorized for a group session with the EAS. The WTRU may further provide the information associated with the EAS to the AC for communication with the EAS.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive a group profile. The WTRU may send a provisioning request message to an Edge Configuration Server (ECS). The WTRU may further receive an indication of an Edge Enabler Server (EES) associated with the group profile from the ECS in response to the provisioning request message, and send a discovery request message to the EES. The WTRU may receive a discovery response message with information indicating one or more Edge Application Servers (EASs). Moreover, the WTRU may select an EAS based on the discovery response message, and send a provisioning request message to the EES.

Abstract: The WTRU may determine that it has a need to request a NAS network service and may generate an application layer NAS message that comprises the request. The WTRU may determine, based on configuration information, one or more network nodes configured to provide NAS network services. The WTRU may determine, based on analytics data and policy data, a first network node in the one or more network nodes to which the application layer NAS message may be sent. The WTRU may determine, based on the policy data, one or more parameters for sending the application layer NAS message to the first network node. The WTRU may determine an endpoint address associated with the first network node. The WTRU may send the application layer NAS message to the first network node using the endpoint address and the one or more parameters.