Abstract: Described herein are technologies pertaining to computationally-efficiently performing genome-wide association studies. Feature selection methods are used to identify genetic markers for addressing potential confounding in the data. Then, single SNPs, or groups of genetic markers are analyzed to ascertain whether such groups are causal or tagging of causal as to a specified phenotype, after taking in to account the feature-selected SNPs. Group and univariate analysis is accomplished by way of analyzing a group of genetic markers conditioned upon other genetic markers that are found to be predictive of the specified phenotype.

Abstract: An emissions credit process (30) that facilitates the provision of emissions credits to parties that make significant contributions to effecting a particular desired emissions reduction goal or goals as pertains to a reduction of emissions that correspond to consumption of a given consumable product (12) by one or more end-user mobile platforms (13).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for determining an optimal placement order for basic blocks within a computer program to improve locality of reference and reduce the working set of the computer program. By reducing the working set, the computer program requires less memory than it normally would require to execute on a computer system. The optimal placement order for basic blocks within a computer program reflects the concurrency of usage for basic blocks during execution of the computer program. The method for determining an optimal placement order includes analyzing the computer program to identify all of the basic blocks, determining how many times each basic block is executed, assigning a placement order to each basic block depending upon how many times each basic block was executed, and reordering the basic blocks according to their assigned placement orders to produce an optimized computer program.

Abstract: A system and method for determining a workload placed on a target computer system during execution of a specified computer program. The system receives a set of performance measurements representing the performance of the target computer system during execution of the specified computer program. The system then identifies a plurality of workloads and for each identified workload, uses a model of the target computer system to predict a set of performance measurements that would results when a computer program that places the identified workload on the target computer system is executed. The system selects the identified workload whose set of predicted performance measurements most closely matches the received set of performance measurements as the determined workload that was place on the target computer system during execution of the specified computer program.

Abstract: A method and system for swapping blocks of data between a main memory area and a secondary storage area of a computer system that uses absolute addresses as its native addressing format. A series of linked information structures is maintained in the main memory area of the computer system. Each information structure allocates storage for a near return address pointer, a previous information structure pointer, a reference number and an offset. A first and second data block are swapped into the main memory area of the computer system. When the first data block transfers control to the second data block, a memory location indicating an absolute address for this point of transfer is stored in an information structure associated with the first data block. Prior to swapping the first data block out of the main memory area, the absolute address is resolved into a reference number and an offset. This resolved address is then stored in an information structure associated with the first data block.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and system for determining an optimal placement order for basic blocks within a computer program to improve locality of reference and reduce the working set of the computer program. By reducing the working set, the computer program requires less memory than it normally would require to execute on a computer system. The optimal placement order for basic blocks within a computer program reflects the concurrency of usage for basic blocks during execution of the computer program. The method for determining an optimal placement order includes analyzing the computer program to identify all of the basic blocks, determining how many times each basic block is executed, assigning a placement order to each basic block depending upon how many times each basic block was executed, and reordering the basic blocks according to their assigned placement orders to produce an optimized computer program.

Abstract: A method and system for generating and auditing a signature for executable modules are provided. A signature is a means that uniquely identifies an authorized copy of the executable module. The signature of each authorized copy is encoded within the order of instructions of the executable module. Each executable module is made up of multiple blocks of instructions. To place a signature within the executable module, a group of blocks having a flow of execution is selected from the executable module. The group of blocks is then reordered to form a signature for the executable module. To ensure that the reordered group of blocks has the same flow of execution, the blocks within the reordered group of blocks are modified to maintain the flow of execution. The reordered group of modified blocks replaces the unmodified group of blocks within the authorized copy of the executable module.

Abstract: This invention relates to additives for oleaginous fluids containing extreme pressure and antiwear agents and containing less than 15 GC area percent higher dialkyl polysulfides and to a process for their production comprising:a) forming a first reaction mass comprising olefin, a sulfur source, and a catalyst;b) heating the first reaction mass to a temperature and for a period of time which is sufficient to form a mixture of dialkyl disulfides, dialkyl trisulfides and higher dialkyl polysulfides;c) forming a second reaction mass comprising the mixture of dialkyl disulfides, dialkyl trisulfides and higher dialkyl polysulfides formed in step (b), an organo phosphorus compound, and optionally an amine;d) heating the second reaction mass to a temperature and for a period of time which are sufficient to convert at least a portion of the higher dialkyl polysulfides to dialkyl trisulfide; ande) recovering said mixed additive containing extreme pressure agents and antiwear agents, wherein said recovered mixed additiv

Abstract: Perfluoroalkylaromatic compounds containing at least two carbons in the perfluoroalkyl group are prepared by reacting an aromatic bromide or iodide with a potassium perfluoroalkanoate corresponding to the formula KOOC(CF.sub.2).sub.n CF.sub.3 wherein n is an integer of at least one in the presence of cuprous iodide and a dipolar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Perfluoroalkylaromatic compounds containing at least two carbons in the perfluoroalkyl group are prepared by reacting an aromatic bromide or iodide with a potassium perfluoroalkanoate corresponding to the formula KOOC(CF.sub.2).sub.n CF.sub.3 wherein n is an integer of at least one in the presence of cuprous iodide and a dipolar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Trifluoromethylaromatic compounds are prepared by reacting the corresponding aromatic bromide or iodide with potassium trifluoroacetate in the presence of cuprous iodide, a phase transfer agent, and a dipolar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Trifluoromethylaromatic compounds are prepared by reacting the corresponding aromatic bromide or iodide with a tetraalkylammonium trifluoroacetate in the presence of cuprous iodide and a dipolar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: Trifluoromethylaromatic compounds are prepared by reacting the corresponding aromatic bromide or iodide with potassium trifluoroacetate in the presence of cuprous iodide and a dipolar aprotic solvent.

Abstract: An olefin, especially an activated olefin, is telomerized by reaction with an arylamine, such as an aniline, in the presence of an alkyl nitrite, a copper catalyst, and a catalytic amount of water and/or acid and in the absence of more than about 0.5 volume part of inert solvent per volume part of olefin.

Abstract: An olefin, especially an activated olefin, is arylated by reaction with an arylamine, such as an aniline, in an inert polar organic solvent and in the presence of an alkyl nitrite, a hydrogen halide, and a catalytic amount of a copper catalyst having the copper in an oxidation state below +2.

Abstract: 6-Alkoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-1-naphthoic acids are prepared by (1) cyanating a 6-alkoxytetralone so as to form a 6-alkoxy-1-cyano-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, (2) converting the 6-alkoxy-1-cyano-3,4-dihydronaphthalene to a naphthoic acid precursor selected from a 6-alkoxy-1-cyanonaphthalene and a hydrocarbyl 6-alkoxy-1-naphthoate, (3) halogenating the naphthoic acid precursor to the corresponding 5-halo derivative, (4) trifluoromethylating the 5-halo derivative to replace the 5-halo substituent with a 5-trifluoromethyl group, and (5) hydrolyzing the resultant product to a 6-alkoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-1-naphthoic acid. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process is conducted so as to prepare 6-methoxy-5-trifluoromethyl-1-naphthoic acid, which, like the other products, is known to be useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate.

Abstract: An alpha-arylacrylonitrile is prepared by reacting an aryl ketone having a removable hydrogen alpha to the carbonyl group with a cyanide ion source which is free of radicals that would stabilize a cyanohydrin corresponding to the aryl ketone and with a Lewis acid in the presence of an activating amount of water and/or HCl and preferably in the presence of a solvent. In a preferred embodiment, the aryl ketone is a tetralone, the cyanide ion source is sodium cyanide, the Lewis acid is aluminum chloride, and the product is a 1-cyano-3,4-dihydronaphthalene.

Abstract: An arylamine is coupled with an aromatic compound in the presence of water, an inorganic nitrite, and an alkanoic acid containing 5-7 carbons. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, 2-(4-amino-3-fluorobenzene)propionitrile is coupled with benzene in the presence of water, sodium nitrite, and hexanoic acid to form a flurbiprofen intermediate.

Abstract: Nitriles, such as 2-(2-fluoro-4-biphenyl)propionitrile, contaminated with ketones having similar boiling points are purified by treating the nitrile/ketone mixture with an alkali metal borohydride, e.g., sodium borohydride, to complex the ketone. After complexing of the ketone, the nitrile can be separated therefrom by distillation.

Abstract: A 2-hydroxyacetonitrile is reacted with thionyl chloride in the presence of a trialkylamine and a suitable solvent to form a 2-chloroacetonitrile. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, 2-chloropropionitrile is prepared by reacting lactonitrile with an excess of thionyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine and dichloromethane.