Abstract: Methods and compositions useful for removing a titanium dioxide-containing material located on a surface, for example, a surface of a piece of process equipment, are disclosed. In one embodiment, the present methods provide for contacting the titanium dioxide-containing material located on the surface with a composition comprising at least about 20% by weight of water, an acid component in an amount effective to reduce the adhesion between the titanium dioxide-containing material and the surface; and an organic component in an amount effective to disperse the titanium dioxide-containing material in the composition.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for providing at least one chemical composition useful to treat, e.g., clean, acidify, sanitize and the like, one or more pieces of equipment are provided. The present apparatus comprise a reservoir, at least one concentrate pump, a flow assembly and a control assembly. The concentrate pump or pumps are adapted to pump, at a controlled, preferably substantially continuously controlled, time rate and at a controlled time the concentrated form of a chemical composition from an associated reservoir. An important feature of the apparatus is the ability of the control assembly to, automatically and independently of the diluent (water) flow, control the time rate at which the concentrated form of the chemical composition exits the reservoir.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for determining that a piece of equipment, for example, used in the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industries, is clean are disclosed. The invention involves measuring the electrical conductivity of an aqueous liquid medium both before and after the medium is used to contact, e.g., rinse, the piece of equipment. The equipment is determined to be clean when these two measured electrical conductivities are substantially equal.